ELECTRONICS DEVICES

AND CIRCUITS
Electronics – a branch of physics, engineering and
technology which deals with electrical circuits that
involve active electrical component such as
vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated
circuits.
Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-
mechanical science which deals with the
generation, distribution, switching, storage and
conversion of electrical energy to form other types
of energy using wires, motors, generators, batteries,
relays, transformers, resistors and other passive
components.
Electronics – flow of electrons in space or vacuum
Electrical – flow of electrons in wire.
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Resistor - It is a device that tends to oppose or prevent
the flow of current. (resistance, Ω ohms)
Classification:
1. Fixed 10Ω
2. Variable 10Ω +/- 2Ω = 8 to 12 Ω
Characteristics:
1. Resistance
2. Power ratings
Resistors with higher resistance value usually have
lower wattage rating because they have less current.
As an example, a common value is 1MΩ at ¼ watt, for
a resistor only ¼ inch long. The lower the power
rating, the smaller the actual physical size of the
resistor. However, the resistance value is not related to
the physical size.
If the value of resistor is high, power is low.
 Types of Resistors
Film resistor
Film Resistor- it is consist of metal film, carbon film
and metal oxide film which is generally made by
depositing pure metals such as nickel, or an oxide
film such as tin oxide into an insulating ceramic rod
or substrate. The resistive value is controlled by
increasing the desired thickness of the deposited
film giving them the names of either thick film
resistor or thin film resistor. The resistance of the
film resistor depends upon the length and thickness
of the film inside the resistor.
Carbon film – most popular type of resistor that is
compose of fine carbon or graphite similar to pencil
lead and non conductive ceramic clay powder. The
ratio of carbon dust to ceramic determines the
resistive value of the mixture. The higher the carbon
ratio the lower the resistance. The mixture is moulded
into a cylindrical shape with metal wires or leads that
is attached at both ends before being coated with an
outer insulating material and color coded markings to
denote its resistive value.
 Wire wound resistor
Wire wound resistor – in this connection, a special type
of wire called resistance wire is wrapped around an
insulating core. The length of the wire and its specific
resistivity determine the resistance of the unit. The
insulated core is usually porcelain, cement or just plain
pressed paper. They are used in high current
applications with low resistance and appreciable
power. They are available in wattage ratings from 5
watts to 100 watts or more. The resistance can be less
than 1Ω up to several thousand ohms.
Resistor Color Band
 EXAMPLE NO. 1
Derive the maximum and minimum resistive value of the
following color code.
1. gray, blue, green, gold =
2. Yellow, white, violet, gold, gold =
3. Green, red, yellow, white, gold =
METRIC SYSTEM
 CAPACITOR
A component that is able to hold or store an electric
charge. Its physical construction consists of two metal
plates separated by an insulator. In general,
capacitors are used to block direct current but pass
alternating current. It opposes voltage change.
 Types of Capacitor
1.Ceramic Capacitor are constructed with materials
such as titanium acid barium for dielectric. Internally
these capacitors are not constructed as a coil, so they
are well suited for use in high frequency applications.
Typically used to bypass high frequency signals to
ground. They are shape like a disk, available in very
small capacitance values and small sizes.
2. Electrolytic Capacitors are made of electrolyte
basically conductive salt in solvent. Aluminum
electrodes are used by using a thin oxidation
membrane. Most type, polarized capacitors.
Applications are ripple filters, timing circuits. It will
explode if the rated working voltage is exceeded, or
polarity is reversed.
3. Film Capacitors are the most commonly available of all
types of capacitors, consisting of a relatively large family
of capacitors with the difference being in their dielectric
properties. These include polyester (Mylar), polystyrene,
polypropylene, polycarbonate, metallized paper, Teflon etc.
Film type capacitors are available in capacitance ranges
from as small as 5pF to as large as 100uF depending upon
the actual type of capacitor and its voltage rating. Film
capacitors also come in an assortment of shapes and case
styles which include:
Capacitor Symbol
 Capacitor Readings
1. One and two-digit capacitors
Some capacitors are labeled with only one or two
numbers. These capacitors are measured in microfarads
if they have a value of less than one and in picofarads if
their value is 1 or greater.
A capacitor that reads .02, for example, will have a
capacitance of .02 μF (microfarads), or 20,000 pF
(picofarads). A capacitor labeled 22, on the other hand,
will have a value of 22 pF (picofarads).
0.02uF = 20,000pF 0.0045uF = 4500pF
35 = 35pF
2. Learn how to read the caps which are labeled with
one or two numbers and an "n", "p" or "μ." In these
capacitors, the letter represents the unit, and its
placement represents a decimal place. So a capacitor
labeled 1n8 has a value of 1.8 nanofarads. A capacitor
labeled p4 has a value of 0.4 picofarads.
33u6 = 33.6uF u336 = 0.336uF
1P9 = 1.9pF
P05= 0.05pF
3. Capacitors are frequently labeled with three numbers,
often accompanied by a letter. The first two digits of
the number represent the value of the cap, and the
third is a multiplier. The entire thing is expressed in
picofarads. So a capacitor that reads "241" has a value
of 24 plus 1 zero, or 240 pF. A capacitor marked 475
would have a value of 4,700,000 pF, or 4.7 μF.
802 = 8000pF or 0.008uF or 8nF
m-u = 3 zero, u-n= 3 zero, n-p = 3 zero
m-n = 6 zero, u-p= 6 zero
4. The numbers 6 and 7 are not used at all as multipliers. "8"
multiplies the value by 0.01, and "9" multiplies it by 0.1. So
a capacitor with the number "339" would have a value of
3.3 picofarads, and one labeled "228" would have a value
of .22 picofarads.
246 = no capacitor value why? Because 6 and 7 are not in
used.
3448 = 3.44pF
3449 = 34.4pF
46 = 46pF
406 = no value 0.000000150F = 150000pF
CERAMIC CAPACITOR
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR
FILM CAPACITOR
 Example
Determine the rated capacitance of the given capacitor
code
1. 4u3 =
2. 128 =
3. 473 =
4. 103 J =
5. 0.1 F =
6. 649 =
7. 648 =
8. 898 =
9. 899 =
10. 7 F =