Electrical Engineering-I
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Chapter: 8
Three -Phase Circuit Analysis
Basic concept & advantages of 3-phase circuit
Phasor representation of star & delta connection
Phase and line quantities
Voltage & current computation in 3-phase balance & unbalance circuits
Real and reactive power computation
Measurements of power & power factor in 3-phase system
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Generation of a 3-phase supply
Three identical coils are placed at 120 degrees apart from each other
AC supply fed to these coils produces uniformly rotating magnetic field
Rotor rotated by external force
Rotor conductor gets linked up with the rotating flux
Produces sinusoidal voltage at each phase governed by
“Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”
Generated voltages
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Characteristics of 3-phase supply
Emf generated has
• same frequency as that of rotor,
• same magnitude (in all three phases)
• phase difference of 120 degrees.
Phase Sequence/Phase Order
• Sequence in which the emf induced in the 3-phase attain their peaks.
Advantages of 3-phase system over 1-phase system
• A 3-phase machine has a smaller size than a 1-phase machine of the same
power output.
• The conductor material required to transmit a given power at a given voltage
over a given distance by a 3-phase system is less than that by an equivalent
single phase system.
• In 1-phase system, the power delivered is pulsating and becomes zero at
certain intervals. In 3-phase system, power delivered to the load is constant
though power of one phase may be negative.
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Methods of connection of 3-phase system
1. Star or Wye (Y) Connection
If similar ends are connected together, then star connected 3-phase system.
Common point N is neutral.
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Methods of connection of 3-phase system
1. Delta or Mesh Connection
If dissimilar ends are connected in such a way that they form a loop, then
delta connected 3-phase system.
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Star or Wye (Y) Connection of 3-phase system
Some points to remember in Y-connection:
Phase Voltage:
voltage across a phase coil. Also, voltage
between any line to neutral. VRN, VBN, VYN
Line Voltage:
voltage between any two lines. VRY, VYB,VBR
Phase Current: current through phase coil.
Iph or Ip . IR, IY,IB
Line Current: Current through the external
wire/ line connecting the source and load.
IR, IY, IB
In star-connection:
Line current=phase current
Line voltage!= phase voltage 7
Delta or Mesh Connection of 3-phase system
Some points to remember in Delta :
Phase Voltage:
voltage across a phase coil. Also, voltage
between any line lines. etc VRY, VYB, VBR
Line Voltage:
voltage between any two lines. VRY, VYB,VBR
Phase Current: current through phase coil.
Iph or Ip . IR, IY,IB
Line Current: Current through the external
wire/ line connecting the source and load.
I1, I2, I3.
In delta-connection:
Line voltage = phase voltage
Line current= phase current 8
What do you mean by “Balanced System”?
1. All phase voltages are equal in magnitude and displaced from one another by
120 degrees.
2. All phase currents are equal in magnitude and displaced from one another by
120 degrees.
A 3-phase balanced load:
loads connected across 3-phases are identical.
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Voltage, Current and power relation in 3-phase star-
connected balanced system
In case of balanced
condition only
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Voltage, Current and power relation in 3-phase star-
connected balanced system
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Voltage, Current and power relation in 3-phase star-
connected balanced system
Steps to draw phasor diagram
VYB= VYN+VNB
= VYN-VBN
VRY= VRN+VNY
= VRN-VYN
VBR= VBN+ VNR
=VBN-VRN
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Finding relation between phase voltage & line voltage in
3-phase (Y)-connected system
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Active power & Reactive power in 3-phase
(Y) star-connected system
Reactive power (Q) =
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• S=
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Conclusion drawn from 3-phase (Y) star-connected system
•Line voltages are 120 degrees apart and also are the phase
voltages
•Line voltages leads the corresponding phase voltage by 30
degrees.
•The phase difference between line currents & corresponding
line voltages is (30+ φ) with current lagging.
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Voltage, Current and power relation in 3-phase delta-
connected system
From Figure, VL=Vph
Let the phase sequence be RYB and draw phasor diagram as:
First draw phase quantities
Then draw the line quantities
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Voltage, Current and power relation in 3-phase delta-
connected system
Applying KCL at node R
I1+IB=IR
or, I1= IR-IB
I2+IR=IY
or, I2= IY-IR
I3+IY=IB
or, I3= IB-IY 18
Voltage, Current and power relation in 3-phase delta-
connected system
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Conclusion drawn from 3-phase (delta)) star-connected system
1. Line currents are 120 degrees apart and also are the phase currents.
2. Line currents are 30 degrees behind the respective phase currents.
3. The phase difference between line currents and corresponding line
voltages is (30+ φ) with current lagging
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Dynamometer Wattmeter
Current coils
Voltage coils
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Dynamometer Wattmeter
• Moving coil instrument
• magnetic field produced by fixed coils proportional to the current
• Moving coil carries the current directly proportional to the voltage
• The deflecting torque is directly proportional to the product of the
magnetic flux density produced by the fixed coils and the current
passing through the moving coils.
• Also, the flux produced by the fixed coil is proportional to the
current flowing through fixed coil.
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Dynamometer Wattmeter
For dc circuit For ac circuit
Thus, deflection is
proportional to active
power in ac circuit
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Power measurement in 1-phase system by wattmeter
Reactive power can be calculated by:
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Power measurement in 3-phase system by
two wattmeter method
The total 3-phase balanced as
well as unbalanced load can
be measured.
Current coil of W1 measures IR
Potential coil measures voltage
VRB
Current coil of W2 measures IY
Potential coil measures voltage
VYB
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Measurement of Power by Two Wattmeter Method in Star Connection
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Measurement of Power by Two Wattmeter
Method in Star Connection
the instantaneous current through the current coil of
Wattmeter, W1 is given by
Instantaneous potential difference across the
potential coil of Wattmeter, W1 is given as
Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter,
W1 is
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Measurement of Power by Two Wattmeter
Method in Star Connection
similarly
Instantaneous power measured by the
Wattmeter, W2 is
the Total Power Measured by the Two
Wattmeters W1 and W2 will be obtained by
adding the equation (1) and (2).
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Measurement of Power by Two Wattmeter
Method in Star Connection
Where P – the total power absorbed in
the three loads at any instant
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Two Wattmeter Method of Power Measurement in Delta connection
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Two Wattmeter Method of Power
Measurement in Delta connection
the instantaneous current through the
coil of the Wattmeter, W1 is given by
the equation
Instantaneous Power measured by the
Wattmeter, W1 will be
the instantaneous power measured by the
Wattmeter, W1 will be given as
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Two Wattmeter Method of Power
Measurement in Delta connection
the instantaneous power measured
by Wattmeter, W2 will be
Obtain the total power measured by the Two
Wattmeter the two equations, i.e. equation (3)
and (4) has to be added.
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Two Wattmeter Method of Power
Measurement in Delta connection
Where P is the total power absorbed
in the three loads at any instant.
the power measured by the Two Wattmeter at any instant is the
instantaneous power absorbed by the three loads connected in three
phases. In fact, this power is the average power drawn by the load
since the Wattmeter reads the average power because of the inertia of
their moving system
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Power measurement in 3-phase system by
two wattmeter method
The total 3-phase balanced as
well as unbalanced load can
be measured.
Current coil of W1 measures IR
Potential coil measures voltage
VRB
Current coil of W2 measures IY
Potential coil measures voltage
VYB
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Power and factor measurement in 3-phase system by
two wattmeter method
Considering that an inductive load having power factor cos φ is
connected to each phase,
Then, the phase current lags the
corresponding phase voltage by an
angle φ as shown in the phasor.
From phasor diagram,
IR leads VRB by an angle (30- φ)
Thus, the reading of wattmeter
W1=VRBIR cos (30- φ)
Similarly, IY lags VYB by angle (30+ φ)
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Power measurement in 3-phase system by
two wattmeter method
W1=VRBIR cos (30- φ)
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Power measurement in 3-phase system by
two wattmeter method
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Power measurement in 3-phase system by
two wattmeter method
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Effect of power factor on Wattmeter Reading
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Effect of power factor on Wattmeter Reading
Case 3: When 60<φ<90 i.e. 0.5>cos φ >0
W1 reading is positive
W2 reading is negative
To obtain reading on W2, the connection VC/CC (Voltage coil or Current
coil) must be reversed and thus reading obtained will be taken as (-)ve
reading
(-) ve value
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Effect of power factor on Wattmeter Reading
This is the case for purely Inductive or Capacitive load.
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Effect of power factor on Wattmeter Reading
Hence, if power factor of load is less than 0.5 then it shows that one of the
wattmeter shows negative reading.
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