PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Q2

Statistical
Techniques 1
1. What makes quantitative research different from a qualitative
one?
A. Its use of statistics in the treatment of data
B. Its deductive method analysis
C. The establishment of facts and make predictions
D. All of the above

2. What characteristics do quantitative data show?

E. The researcher accumulates because of their quantity
F. They are numerical in nature and have the property of
measurability
G. They possess the element of quantity
H. All of the above

3. What research design in which t-test is used?

I. Case study C. Experimental
4. Which refers to the tallying and counting of raw data to
arrive at a frequency?
[Link] matrix C. Categorization data
[Link] tables D. Tabulation of data

5. What data matrix which involves three or more variables in a

tabular statistical form?
A. Bivariate C. Trivariate
B. Multivariate D. Univariate

6. Which of the following statistical tools is appropriate to this

problem, “How effective is the teaching of Mr. Suave in
Practical Research 2 subject as perceived by Grade 12
senior high school students?”
[Link] C. Variance
[Link] Deviation D. Weighted Mean
7. What refers to the center most score in the
distribution?
[Link] C. Mode
[Link] D. Weighted mean

8. Whatwill bethe median ofthe following data? 4, 7, 9,

11, 17, 23, 25, 29, 30, 34
C.19 C. 23
D.20 D. 25

9. Which statistical tool that shows the extent and

manner in which the scores in a distribution differ
from each other?
[Link] Statistics C. Inferential Statistics
10. Which of the following DOES NOT belong to the group if
you would like to determine the significant relationship
between two ordinal variables?
A. Chi-square Test of Goodness Fit
B. Chi-square Test of Independence
C. Pearson-Product Moment Correlation
D. Spearman Rank Order Correlation

11. What is the mode of the following scores? 8, 8, 10, 10, 10,
13, 14, 14, 17, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19
A.15 C. 17
B.16 D. 19

12. Which analysis is related with descriptive analysis?

[Link] C. Multivariate
[Link] D. All of the above
13. Which analysis is the simultaneous analysis of two variables?
A. Bivariate C. Multivariate
B. Univariate D. All of the above

14. What is the correlation coefficient of the Pearson’s r test

ifthere were a perfect positive correlation between two
interval/ratio variables?
C. -0.328 C. +0.328
D. +1 D. -1

15. What is the name of the test that is used to assess the
relationship between two ordinal variables?
E. Chi square
F. Cramer’s V
G. Phi Correlation Coefficient
H. Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

[Link] the commonly used statistical tools in

quantitative research;
[Link] the measures of central tendency;
and
[Link] yourselves with bivariate statistical
methods.
7
Instructions: Look at these figures. Do you know what these symbols
mean? What is running through your mind as you examine the things
inside the box?
 Statistical Tools

The choice of appropriate statistical tools to be employed is very

technical in nature. You need to carefully examine the statement
of the problem and the instruments used in data-gathering
particularly, the measuring scales.

What is statistics? Statistics is a term that pertains to your acts of

collecting and analyzing numerical data. Doing statistics then
means performing some arithmetic procedures like addition,
division, subtraction, multiplication, and other mathematical
calculations.

According to Vizcarra (2003), it is a science which deals with the

systematic process of collecting, organizing, classifying,
presenting, interpreting and analyzing qualitative and
 processes are useful in coming up with appropriate conclusions
and generalizations on a given problem.

Data collected, organized, classified, tabulated, presented,

interpreted, and analysed is drawn through instruments like
tests, questionnaires, checklists, observations, and interviews. In
research undertakings, these instruments are commonly used in
data- gathering.

Branches of Statistics
1)Descriptive Statistics is used to determine the nature of
variables without any attempt to critically compare the extent
of relationships or differences with other variables. The
common statistical tools under descriptive statistics are
frequency counting, percentages, ranking, measures of
1)Correlational Statistics is used to determine the degree or
magnitude of association between two variables, say, variables
X and Y. What is the association of X with Y; or if the X value
exists, what would be the value of Y ? These are some of the
common problems that correlational analysis will answer.

2)Inferential Statistics is used when an individual is interested in

making inferences on the magnitude of differences of the
samples obtained from a large universe. Usually, the data
obtained from the population and treated accordingly with the
use of descriptive statistics is the input data in inferential
statistics like the mean scores of students who take entrance
examinations. According to Pagoso & Garcia in Vizcarra
(2003), inferential statistics demands a higher order of critical
judgment and mathematical methods.
 Types of Statistical Data Analysis
1)Univariate Analysis- analysis of one variable
2)Bivariate Analysis- analysis of two variables (independent and
dependent)
3)Multivariate Analysis- analysis of multiple relations between
multiple variables

Descriptive Statistics Applied to Practical Research

4)Frequency Distribution. As applied in research is the response
of respondents on a given research problem. It is unorganized
information, which the researcher needs to classify and
organize.

5)Percentage. The percentage of a given frequency is obtained

by dividing the frequency with the total number of frequencies
3) Ranking is used to describe the order of data obtained in a
research study. It is usually arranged from highest to lowest or
vice versa. Ranking is simple when there is no tied data.
However, when ties occur, you need to determine their
positions depending on the number of tied data or scores. The
ranking is done this way as shown in Table 7.1 regarding on the
4)Measures of Central Tendency- indicates the different
positions or values of the items, such that in a category of
data, you find an item serving as the:
[Link]- average of all the items orscores
Example: 3 + 8 + 9 + 2 + 3 + 10 + 3 = 38
38/7= 5.43 (Mean)

[Link]- the score in the middle of the set of items that cuts
or divides the set into two groups.
Example: The numbers in the example for the Mean has 2 as
the Median.

[Link]- refers to the item or score in the data set that has
themost repeated appearance in the set.
Example: Again, in the given example above for the Mean, 3 is
the Mode.
5)Measures of Variability. It refers to the extent and way the
scores in a distribution differ from each other.
[Link]. It is the difference between the highest value and the
lowest value in the given distribution.

[Link] deviation. It is the measure of variation that takes

into consideration the deviations of the individual scores
from the mean.

[Link]. It is the square of the standard deviation.

[Link] Deviation- shows the extent of the difference of the

data from the mean. An examination of this gap between the
mean and the data gives you an idea about the extent of the
similarities and differences between the respondents. There
Here they are:

Step 1: Compute the mean

Step 2: Compute the deviation (difference) between each respondent’s

answer (data item) and the mean. The plus sign (+) appears before
the number if the difference is higher; negative sign (-), if the
difference is lower.

Step 3: Compute the square of each deviation.

Step 4: Compute the sum of squares by adding the squared figures.

Step 5: Divide the sum of squares by the number of data items to get
the variance.

Step 6: Compute the square root of variance figure to get standard

1.2 Simple linear regression analysis. It is used when there is a
significant relationship between the x and y variables. It is used
in predicting the value of y, given the value of x.

A linear regression line has an equation of the form Y = a + bX,

where X is the explanatory variable and Y is the dependent
variable. The slope of the line is b, and a is the intercept (the
value of y when x = 0).

A scatterplot can be a helpful tool in determining the strength of

the relationship between two variables. If there appears to be no
association between the proposed explanatory and dependent
variables (i.e., the scatterplot does not indicate any increasing or
decreasing trends), then fitting a linear regression model to the
data probably will not provide a useful model. A valuable
numerical measure of association between two variables is the
correlation coefficient, which is a value between -1 and 1
How to solve the Chi-square test of homogeneity using scientific pocket
calculator?
Table 7.5
Party Favorable Unfavorable Total
Lakas 65 (a) 35 (b) 100 (k)
Laban 50 (c) 50 (d) 100 (l)
Total 115 (m) 85 (n) 200 (N)
iii. Test of independence. The sample used in this test
consists of members randomly drawn from
population. This test is used to investigate which
measures are taken or if two criterion variables are
either independent or associated with one in a given
population (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017).

According to Vizcarra (2003), the chi square test is

used to compare the frequencies obtained in
categorized variables, for instance, occupation of
parents and academic performance of their children.
In comparing two or more variables involved in the
31
study, determine the observed or actual frequency and
expected frequency. The differences of all the frequencies in
the cells of the contingency table are equal to zero. This
means that there are no significant relationships or
differences. If difference exists, find the difference between
observed and expected frequency and the results is the chi
square value. The formula is:
 Example:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the occupation of

parents and the academic performance of their children.

Compare the obtained chi square value with the critical value
Computed X2 = 42.94
Critical value at 0.05 level of significance = 16.919 (Refer to Table
7.6)

Interpretation: There is a significant relationship because the

computed X2 value is higher than the critical value at 0.05 level of
 Activity
Instructions: Following the procedure in calculating standard
deviation, compute the standard deviation of the data set in the box.
Likewise, give the median and the mode of the data set.
Instructions: Recall one significant event participated in by you and
a big number of people. Using a bivariate table, categorize the
variables in this affair. Remember that a dependent variable is a
variable that changes as a result of the change in the independent
variable. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Assessment
1. What is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection,
analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical
data?
[Link] C. Geometry
[Link] D. Statistics

2. What method of research where an investigator manipulates one or

more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some
behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)?
[Link] Study C. Experiments
[Link] D. Observational

3. Which type of Chi Square that is concerned with two or more

samples with only one criterion variable?
[Link] of Good Fit C. Test of Independence
F. Test of Homogeneity D. Test of Variability
4. Which type of correlation is used when the variable X
and Y are measured in nominal dichotomous?
[Link] square C. Phi Coefficient
Correlation
[Link] r D. t-test

5. Which is refers to the input variable?

[Link] variable C. Independent variable
[Link] variable D. All of the above

6. What statistical treatment will be used to determine

the extent of difference between the performances of
senior high school students in Practical Research 2 when
classified as to gender?
[Link] C. Inferential
7. What is the best research design to be used in this
study “Attitudes of Mango Farmers towards Organic
Fertilizers”?
A. Descriptive C. Experimental
B. Ethnographic D. Historical

8. What appropriate measures of correlation to be used in

comparing between Social Science and Mathematics
Achievements of Senior High School Students?
C. Pearson r C. Point Biserial
D. Phi Coefficient D. Spearman rho

9. Which correlation is the strongest?

E. -1.00 C. +80
F. -60 D. +05
10. What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?
A. To draw conclusions from the data
B. To identify the significant trend of the variables
C. To summarize the characteristics of a data set
D. None of the above

11. What are numerical data?

E. Categorical data that has no order
F. Data that are numbers
G. Numerical data that take any value in a given range
H. Numerical data that take on a limited number of
values

12. What is the information about individuals in a

population?
13. What type of measurement of central location wherein
the data set is the sum of the data entries divided by the
number of entries?
A. Mean C. Mode
B. Median D. Range

14. Which word means the middle of the data?

C. Mean C. Mode
D. Median D. Range

15. How do you find range?

E. Add all the numbers and divide
F. Find the middle
G. It is the highest number
H. Subtract the highest and lowest value