FUNDAMENTALS OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
that can accept data (input), process
the data according to specified rules,
produce information (output), and
store the information for future use.
BASIC PARTS OF THE COMPUTER:
 The basic parts of a computer are as follows −
 InputUnit − Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and instructions to
the computer are called input unit.
 Output Unit − Devices like printer and visual display unit that are used to provide
information to the user in desired format are called output unit.
 Control Unit − As the name suggests, this unit controls all the functions of the computer. All
devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit.
 Arithmetic Logic Unit − This is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic operations
and logical operations take place.
 Memory − All input data, instructions and data interim to the processes are stored in the
memory. Memory is of two types – primary memory and secondary memory. Primary
memory resides within the CPU whereas secondary memory is external to it.
Characteristics of Computer
Speed − Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions per second.
Accuracy − Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors that may
occur are usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions or bug in chips – all
human errors.
Reliability− Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without
throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are very common among
humans.
Versatility − Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and
ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations and continuous astronomical
observations. If you can input the necessary data with correct instructions, computer
will do the processing.
Storage Capacity − Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction
of cost of traditional storage of files. Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear
associated with paper.
Advantages of Using Computer

Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy.

Computers do not get tired or bored.
Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource for more
intelligent functions.
Disadvantages of Using Computer
Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly without
considering the outcome.
Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work, which could prove
difficult everywhere especially in developing nations.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
1940 – 1956: First Generation – Vacuum Tubes
• These
early computers used vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory.
• As a result they were enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune
to run. These were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat, sucked huge
electricity and subsequently generated a lot of heat which caused ongoing breakdowns.
1956 – 1963: Second Generation – Transistors
• The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second
generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used
significantly in computers until the end of the 1950s. They were a big improvement
over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting computers to damaging levels of heat.
Cont…
1964 – 1971: Third Generation – Integrated Circuits
• By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips
(called semiconductors). This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of
these machines. These were the first computers where users interacted using
keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an operating system, a significant
leap up from the punch cards and printouts.
1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation – Microprocessors
• This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel. The chip-maker developed the
Intel 4004 chip in 1971, which positioned all computer components (CPU, memory,
input/output controls) onto a single chip. What filled a room in the 1940s now fit in
the palm of the hand. The Intel chip housed thousands of integrated circuits.
Cont…
2010- : Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of
these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition.
AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors.
Leaning to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum
computation, molecular and nano technology.
The essence of fifth generation will be using these technologies to ultimately create
machines which can process and respond to natural language, and have capability to
learn and organise themselves.
 CLASSIFICATION DIGITAL
COMPUTER
According to functionality, Type of computers are classified as :

Analog Computer
• An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that
uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic
quantities to model the problem being solved.

Digital Computer
• A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system
Cont..
Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)
• A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both
digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective
method of performing complex simulations.
• On the basis of Size: Type of Computer
Super Computer
• The fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are very expensive
and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a
supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
Cont…
Mainframe Computer
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or even
thousands, of users simultaneously.
 In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in watches, for example)
at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below
supercomputers.
In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they
support more simultaneous programs.
But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a mainframe.
Cont..
Mini Computer
A midsized computer.
In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations and mainframes.
In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small
mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small
minicomputers and workstations.
 But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting
from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.
Cont..
Micro Computer or Personal Computer
• Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
• Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and
keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than a
notebook computer.
• Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer.
Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device.
ANATOMY OF DIGITAL COMPUTER
Central Processing Unit: It consist of three main parts
Memory

Arithmetic and logical unit

Control Unit
ARCHITECTURE
FUNCTIONS
Memory: It is term, which is used in data storage, and also stored important
information of data for future use and also transfer to another device when needed.
We can say that it is primary type of storage or internal memory. Internal memory is
executed through two types of memory technology
RAM (Random-access-memory): It gives direct information on requirement.
ROM (Read-only-memory): By the name, it can read only not write, which means
CPU can read from storage but cannot write.
Control Unit: It defines by controlling all operation of all parts of computer. It
takes information from memory and determines where is to be taken. It gives result
in the output form in memory section.
Cont…
Arithmetic and logical unit: Arithmetic means process like addition, subtraction,
multiplication & division and all these operation is done by Arithmetic unit.
 It solves any type of complex arithmetic operation. And in Logical part, all type of
logical operations like comparing, selecting, etc.
 It have few storage for an example registers, and which are basically made-up of
electronic circuits.
 Which having capacity to perform operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication etc.
CPU & MEMORY
Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
CPU LOGICAL FIGURE
CPU itself has following three
components.
Memory or Storage Unit
Control Unit
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Cont…
Memory or Storage Unit:
This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies
information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal
storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory
(RAM).
Itssize affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory
are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are −
It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
It stores intermediate results of processing.
Itstores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output
device.
All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
Cont..
Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out
any actual data processing operations.
Functions of this unit are −
Itis responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other
units of a computer.
Itobtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the
operation of the computer.
Itcommunicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from
storage.
It does not process or store data.
Cont...
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):
This unit consists of two subsections namely,
Arithmetic Section
Logic Section
Arithmetic Section:
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making
repetitive use of the above operations.
Logic Section:
Functionof logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting,
matching, and merging of data.
INPUT DEVICES
Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −
 Keyboard

 Mouse

 Joy Stick
 Light pen
 Track Ball
 Scanner

 Graphic Tablet

 Microphone

 Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)

 Optical Character Reader(OCR)
 Bar Code Reader
 Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Keyboard & Mouse
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input
data to the computer.
Thelayout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.
Mouse:
Mouse is the most popular pointing device.
Itis a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round
ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding
signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Joystick & Light Pen
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a
monitor screen.
It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower
spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
Light Pen:
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen.
 It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen.
 It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.
Track Ball & Scanner
Track Ball:
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer,
instead of a mouse.
This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer
can be moved.
Scanner:
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine.
Itis used when some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to
the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.
Bar Code Readers & OMR
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light
and dark lines).
Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may
be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by
pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and
marked.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.
• Monitors

• Graphic Plotter
• Printer
MONITERS
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output
device of a computer.
It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form.
The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Flat-Panel Display
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
• The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels.
• Thesmaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than
one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word
help.
There are some disadvantages of CRT −
• Large in Size
• High power consumption
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
• Theflat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume,
weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT.
• You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel
displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, and graphics
display.
The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −
• Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy
into light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
• Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert
sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD
(Liquid-Crystal Device).
Printers
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers −
• Impact Printers
• Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
• Impactprinters print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then
pressed on the paper.
Non-impact Printers
• Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers
print a complete page at a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.
MEMORY
• A memory is just like a human brain.
• Itis used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in
the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing
are stored.
• The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location
or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one.
Memory is primarily of three types −
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory
COMPUTER SOFTWARES
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function.
A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
There are two types of software −
• System Software
• Application Software
System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and
extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself.
System software is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers.
These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages,
which interact with the hardware at a very basic level.
System software serves as the interface between the hardware and the end users.
Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter,
Assemblers, etc.
Application Software
Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a
particular environment.
All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category
of Application software.
Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft's notepad
for writing and editing a simple text.
It
may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package,
which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
The computer system is simply a machine and hence it cannot perform any work;
therefore, in order to make it functional different languages are developed, which
are known as programming languages or simply computer languages.
Following are the major categories of Programming Languages −
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High Level Language
System Language
Scripting Language
LANGUAGES & ITS FUNCTIONS
Machine Language or Code
• This is the language that is written for the computer hardware. Such language is
effected directly by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer system.
Assembly Language
• It is a language of an encoding of machine code that makes simpler and readable.
High Level Language
• The high level language is simple and easy to understand and it is similar to English
language. For example, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, C, C+, Python, etc.
OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is the fundamental basis of all other application programs.
Operating system is an intermediary between the users and the hardware.
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application
programs.
The major services of an operating system are −
Memory management
Disk access
Creating user interface
Managing the different programs operating parallel
Likewise, it controls and manage the hardware’s working
Applications of Operating System
An operating system is accountable for the formation and deletion of files and
directories.
An operating system manages the process of deletion, suspension, resumption, and
synchronization.
An operating system manages memory space by allocation and de-allocation.
An operating system stores, organizes, and names and protects the existing files.
Further,
an operating system manages all the components and devices of the
computers system including modems, printers, plotters, etc.
An operating system facilitates the interface to user and hardware.
Types of Operating System
Following are the major types of operating system −
• Disk Operating System (DOS)
• Windows Operating System
• Unix Operating System
Disk Operating System:
• MS-DOS is one of the oldest and widely used operating system. DOS is a set of
computer programs, the major functions of which are file management, allocation of
system resources, providing essential features to control hardware devices.
• DOS commands can be typed in either upper case or lower case.
Windows Operating System
The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system.
It is the most popular and simplest operating system; it can be used by any person
who can read and understand basic English, as it does not require any special
training.
However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various
application programs initially.
Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the memory and then window
can be executed.
Unix Operating System

The Unix Operating System is the earliest operating system developed in 1970s. Let
us consider the following points relating to the Unix Operating System −
It is an operating system that has multitasking features.
It has multiuser computer operating systems.
Itruns practically on every sort of hardware and provides stimulus to the open
source movement.
Ithas comparative complex functionality and hence an untrained user cannot use it;
only the one who has taken training can use this system.
INTRODUCTION TO DBMS
Database is a collection of related data and data is a collection of facts and figures
that can be processed to produce information.
Mostly data represents recordable facts.
Data aids in producing information, which is based on facts.
 For example, if we have data about marks obtained by all students, we can then
conclude about toppers and average marks.
A database management system stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to
retrieve, manipulate, and produce information.
Applications of DBMS
Database is a collection of related data and data is a collection of facts and figures
that can be processed to produce information.
Mostly data represents recordable facts. Data aids in producing information, which
is based on facts. For example, if we have data about marks obtained by all students,
we can then conclude about toppers and average marks.
A database management system stores data in such a way that it becomes easier to
retrieve, manipulate, and produce information. Following are the important
characteristics and applications of DBMS.
ACID Properties − DBMS follows the concepts
of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability (normally shortened as ACID).
These concepts are applied on transactions, which manipulate data in a database.
Cont..
Multiuser and Concurrent Access − DBMS supports multi-user environment and
allows them to access and manipulate data in parallel.
• Though there are restrictions on transactions when users attempt to handle the same
data item, but users are always unaware of them.
Multiple views − DBMS offers multiple views for different users.
• A user who is in the Sales department will have a different view of database than a
person working in the Production department.
• This feature enables the users to have a concentrate view of the database according
to their requirements.
USERS

• A typical DBMS has users with

different rights and permissions who
use it for different purposes.
• Some users retrieve data and some
back it up.
• Theusers of a DBMS can be broadly
categorized as follows −
Cont..
Administrators − Administrators maintain the DBMS and are responsible for
administrating the database
 They are responsible to look after its usage and by whom it should be used.
They create access profiles for users and apply limitations to maintain isolation and
force security.
Administrators also look after DBMS resources like system license, required tools,
and other software and hardware related maintenance.
Designers − Designers are the group of people who actually work on the designing
part of the database. They keep a close watch on what data should be kept and in
what format. They identify and design the whole set of entities, relations,
constraints, and views.
WORLD WIDE WEB
WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web
is : all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-
Lee helped found, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an
embodiment of human knowledge.
Insimple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive
multimedia resources.
Cont…
• Internetand Web is not the same
thing: Web uses internet to pass over
the information
• World Wide Web was created
by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989
at CERN in Geneva. World Wide
Web came into existence as a proposal
by him, to allow researchers to work
together effectively and efficiently
at CERN. Eventually it
became World Wide Web.
• Thefollowing diagram briefly defines
evolution of World Wide Web:
WWW Architecture
WWW Operation
WWW works on client- server approach. Following steps explains how the web works:
User enters the URL (say, http://www.tutorialspoint.com) of the web page in the
address bar of web browser.
Thenbrowser requests the Domain Name Server for the IP address corresponding to
www.tutorialspoint.com.
After receiving IP address, browser sends the request for web page to the web server
using HTTP protocol which specifies the way the browser and web server
communicates.
Then web server receives request using HTTP protocol and checks its search for the
requested web page. If found it returns it back to the web browser and close the HTTP
connection.
FUNCTION
Cont…
Future
There had been a rapid development in field of web. It has its impact in almost
every area such as education, research, technology, commerce, marketing etc. So the
future of web is almost unpredictable.
Apart from huge development in field of WWW, there are also some technical
issues that W3 consortium has to cope up with.
User Interface
Work on higher quality presentation of 3-D information is under development. The
W3 Consortium is also looking forward to enhance the web to full fill requirements
of global communities which would include all regional languages and writing
system.
ELECTRONIC MAILING
Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the
internet. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing
information among people.
E-Mail Address
• Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is
known as E-mail address. Different users can send and receive messages according
to the e-mail address.
• E-mailis generally of the form username@domainname. For example,
[email protected] is an e-mail address where webmaster is username
and tutorialspoint.com is domain name.
E-mail Message Components
COMPONENTS FUNCTIONS
E-mail Header
The first five lines of an E-mail message is called E-mail header. The header part
comprises of following fields:
• From

• Date

• To

• Subject

• CC

• BCC
OPERATIONS
From
• The From field indicates the sender’s address i.e. who sent the e-mail.
Date
• The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.
To
• The To field indicates the recipient’s address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.
Subject
• TheSubject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to the
point.
CC
 CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to
keep informed but not exactly the intended recipient.
BCC
 BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the
recipients to know that someone else was copied on the message.
Greeting
 Greeting is the opening of the actual message. Eg. Hi Sir or Hi Guys etc.
Text
 It represents the actual content of the message.
WORKING OF EMAIL
Email working follows the client server approach. In this client is the mailer i.e. the
mail application or mail program and server is a device that manages emails.
Suppose person A wants to send an email message to person B.
Person A composes the messages using a mailer program i.e. mail client and then
select Send option.
The message is routed to Simple Mail Transfer Protocol to person B’s mail server.
The mail server stores the email message on disk in an area designated for person B.
INTERNET
Internet
is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the
web. However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a
computer location.
Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.
ARCHITECTURE
Evolution
Theorigin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project
Agency Network (ARPANET).
ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various
bodies of government.
Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
In1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different
countries and thus became known as Internet.
Advantages
Cont…
• Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote locations. There
are various apps available on the wed that uses Internet as a medium for
communication.
• Facebook
• Twitter
• Yahoo
• Google+
• Flickr
• Orkut

• Information regarding various topics such as Technology, Health & Science, Social
Studies, Geographical Information, Information Technology, Products etc can be
surfed with help of a search engine.
Disadvantages
Cont…
There are always chances to loose personal information such as name, address,
credit card number. Therefore, one should be very careful while sharing such
information. One should use credit cards only through authenticated sites.
Another disadvantage is the Spamming.Spamming corresponds to the unwanted e-
mails in bulk. These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to obstruction of entire
system.
Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such virus
attacks may cause your system to crash or your important data may get deleted.
Also a biggest threat on internet is pornography. There are many pornographic sites
that can be found, letting your children to use internet which indirectly affects the
children healthy mental life.
WEB DESIGNING
Web designing has direct link to visual aspect of a web site. Effective web design is
necessary to communicate ideas effectively.
Web desinging is subset of web development. However these terms are used
interchangeably.
Key Points
Design Plan should include the following:
Details about information architecture.
Planned structure of site.
A site map of pages
COMPTERS @
HOME,EDUCATION,HEALTH
With the introduction of microcomputers, personal computers became popular and
people started using computers in every field whether it is banking, health,
education, entertainment or business and at present time when everything is going
online, it is impossible to think about anything where computers are not involved.
Computers have become an important part of human life.
Therefore, the importance of computers has increased in every part of human life.
@EDUCATION
Education is an important part of human life and it plays the most important role in
shaping the life of human beings and thus shaping the future of a nation and at
present computers play an important role in the way education sector works.
Computers empower students with information:
The main purpose of education is to learn and to learn in detail about things.
Computers provide access to the internet and the internet has the potential to
provide information about anything and everything.
Ifa person has a computer, access to the internet, a will to learn, he can learn
anything without going to school and without having a tutor.
@BUSINESS
The way business works have changed a lot with the introduction of computers.
No matter whether a business is small or large their computers are used to enhance
the efficiency of a business to learn about the importance of computers in business.
The first importance of computers in business is managing finances. In business,
several transactions take place in a day.
Businessman buys from various suppliers and sells products in order to make
products.
 To do this, they make the entry of products that they buy on the computer and with
the help of computers assign selling prices to the goods.
@HEALTH
Computers are frequently used in hospitals because of their speed of processing
information and because of the inbuilt intelligence of computers.
 In a large hospital, the record of patients are needed to be recorded and day to day
medical works and financial works are performed using computers.
One of the biggest importance of computers is in the fast sharing of medical
information of patients so that quick treatment can be provided.
The reports of medical tests can be sent to any part of the world no matter how far it
is using email. doctors can read reports and can share the opinion of the doctor and
the treatment of the patient can be started without delay.
@ENTERTAINMENT
Entertainment is an integral and important part of human life.
 We have always been looking for the means to entertain themselves and the
methods of entertainment have changed and increased since the inception of
computers and technology.
Music has always been one of the main sources of entertainment of humans and the
music industry revolutionized with the introduction of computers.
There are so many types of software that musicians use to create music.
 Using these software and tool the quality of music enhanced and now musicians
can develop complex music which was not possible without computers.
@BANKING
The banking sector was one of the first sectors which were influenced by
computers.
 In the past, all the account-related information and data were kept by people on
notebooks manually, which was very time consuming and error-prone.
With the introduction of computers, all the details related to the bank account of an
individual is saved and stored in computers, which is stored in far placed servers.
Therefore, the information is not only saved from theft but also safe from natural
calamities.
INTERNET SECURITY
Internet security refers to securing communication over the internet. It includes
specific security protocols such as:
Internet Security Protocol (IPSec)
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
Internet Security Protocol (IPSec)
It consists of a set of protocols designed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
It provides security at network level and helps to create authenticated and
confidential packets for IP layer.
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
It is a security protocol developed by Netscape Communications Corporation. ).
Threats
Internetsecurity threats impact the network, data security and other internet
connected systems. Cyber criminals have evolved several techniques to threat
privacy and integrity of bank accounts, businesses, and organizations.
Mobile worms Malware
PC and Mobile ransomware
Large scale attacks like Stuxnet that attempts to destroy infrastructure.
Hacking as a Service
Spam

Phishing
VIRUS
A computer virus is a type of malware that propagates by inserting a copy of itself
into and becoming part of another program.
It spreads from one computer to another, leaving infections as it travels.
 Viruses can range in severity from causing mildly annoying effects to damaging
data or software and causing denial-of-service (DoS) conditions.
Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which means the virus may
exist on a system but will not be active or able to spread until a user runs or opens
the malicious host file or program.
Viruses spread when the software or document they are attached to is transferred
from one computer to another using the network, a disk, file sharing, or infected
email attachments.
Worms
Computer worms are similar to viruses in that they replicate functional copies of
themselves and can cause the same type of damage.
In contrast to viruses, which require the spreading of an infected host file, worms
are standalone software and do not require a host program or human help to
propagate.
To spread, worms either exploit a vulnerability on the target system or use some
kind of social engineering to trick users into executing them.
 A worm enters a computer through a vulnerability in the system and takes
advantage of file-transport or information-transport features on the system, allowing
it to travel unaided. More advanced worms leverage encryption, wipers, and
ransomware technologies to harm their targets.