International

Health-II

Dr. Bharati
Shakya
 STRUCTURE OF WHO
(3 principal organs)
 1. WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY

“Health Parliament” of Nations and the

supreme
governing body of the organization.
 Meets annually (in May) at headquarters in
Geneva, Switzerland.
 Composed of delegates representing member
states

Functions:
-To determine international health policy and
programs.
- To review the work of the past year.
- To approve the budget needed for following year.
- To elect Member States to serve for 3 years on
 2. THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

 34 members (s/w 18)  each selected by a

“Member State”.
 Should have at least 3 persons from each WHO
region.
 Meets twice a year (in jan and may).
 Main work-To give effect to the decisions and
policies of the Assembly.
 Has power to take decisions  Emergencies.

E.g. Earthquakes, epidemics, floods etc.

 3. THE SECRETARIAT
o Headed by Director General - chief technical
and administrative officer of the organization.
o Assisted by 5 Assistant Director Generals at
the headquarters.
o8000 staffs
Function:
To provide Member states with technical and
managerial support for their national health
development programs.

WHO Secretariat comprises of 14 different

divisions:
Division of communicable diseases, Division of
environmental health, Division of mental health,
 REGIONS
 Six regional organizations to meet the special health

needs of different areas:

 South East Asia-HQ- New Delhi
 Africa – HQ-Harare (Zimbabwe)
 America – HQ-Washington D.C. (U.S.A.)
 Europe –HQ- Copenhagen (Denmark)
 Eastern Mediterranean –HQ- Alexandria (Egypt)
 Western Pacific –HQ- Manila (Philippines)

SEARO(11 members): (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,

WHO NEPAL (SINCE 1953)
 Major program focus:
- HIV/AIDS,TB, Malaria
- Vaccine Preventable diseases
- Non communicable diseases
- Mental health, MCH
- Nutrition/ Food safety
- Adolescent health/Geriatric health
- Epidemic management
 United Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund- one of the specialized agencies
of UN.

 Only organization dedicated to children

 Established in 1946 to ease the suffering of the

children in the aftermath of world war II

 Now, United Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF (1953)

 UNICEF’s objective was broaden in 1950 to work in

developing countries on behalf of children whose
futures are endangered by poverty,
diseases,malnutrition and the lack of education
 UNICEF governed by a 36 member executive board
that formulates policies,reviews programs and
approves budget

 UNICEF is active in 158 countries and territories

 Head quarters of UNICEF is at US ,New York.

 Regional Office  New Delhi

 Works in collaboration with WHO, UNESCO (United

Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) ,
UNDP, FAO.

 Content of services:
a)child health
b)child nutrition
c)family and child welfare
a) Child health – emphasis is placed on
immunization, infant and young child
care, family planning aspects of family
health, safe water and adequate
sanitation in rural areas.

b) Child nutrition- gives high priority to

improving child nutrition. It helps for child
nutrition-developing low-cost-protein-rich
food mixtures, provision of large doses of
vit.A, enrichment of salt with iodine,
provision of iron and folate supplements
to combat anaemias.
c) Family and child welfare- the purpose is to
improve the care of children, both within and
outside their homes through parent
education, day- care centres, child welfares
and youth agencies and women’s clubs.

d) Education-formal and non-formal- in

collaboration with UNESCO, UNICEF is
assisting in the expansion and improvement
of teaching science in the developing
countries by providing science laboratories’
equipment, workshop tools, library books,
audiovisual aids to educational institutions.
 GOBI-FFF CAMPAIGN
 G= Growth charts to better monitor
child development
 O= oral rehydration to treat all
moderate and mild dehydration
 B=breastfeeding
 I= Immunization against measles,
diphtheria, polio, pertusis,tetanus and
tuberculosis
F = Family spacing
F = Female education
F = Food supplements
In addition, recent research in the
developing world has highlighted three
kinds of support for women.

1. FEMALE EDUCATION:
Even within low-income communities, a
child born

to a mother with no education has been

shown to be twice as likely to die in
infancy than a child born to a mother with
even four years of schooling.
International health 14
2. FAMILY SPACING:
Infant and child deaths have been found to
be, on average, twice as high when the
interval between births is less than two years.

3. FOOD SUPPLEMENTS:
A handful of extra food each day for at-risk
pregnant women has been shown to reduce
the risk of low birth-weight - a risk which
carries with it a two or three times greater
likelihood of death in infancy.

GOBI — FFF
International health 15
 PROGRAM PRIORITIES IN NEPAL
 Initiated cooperation with Nepal in 1964

 Program seeks to advance the respect, protection

and fulfillment of human rights of children and
women in Nepal

 Programs addresses child nutrition and childcare,

health , environment, education, child protection
and HIV/AIDS.

 Implementation of program such as immunization

and provision of micronutrients(Vit A
supplementation, control of iodine deficiency
disorders and iron deficiency anemia)in all 77
 The country program tackles immediate
causes influencing child survival, growth
and development and also address the
underlying causes

 Priorities : reach out the disadvantaged

groups and children in Nepal especially
in communities in very remote
areas ,groups discriminated due to caste
and ethnicity and children in need of
special protection.
 UNDP- (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME) (1966)

Objective- To help poor nations develop their human

and natural resources more fully.They cover economic
and social sector.eg. Industry, education, agriculture
etc.

FAO-(The Food and Agriculture Organization) (1945)

Chief aim is to alleviate global malnutrition and hunger

Strategies:
- To promote food production by improving the efficiency of
agriculture, fisheries and forestry.

- To improve the nutritional status of the people of all countries

by adequate distribution of food in the communities.

International health 18
ILO (INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANIZATION)(1919)

To improve the working and living

conditions of the working population
all over the world

FUNCTIONS:
 To promote the health and safety of the
working population.
 To improve the living standards of
workers
 To promote their economic and social
 UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR
POPULATION ACTIVITIES (UNFPA)
 It is an international development agency
that extends assistance to countries at their
request to help them in using population data
for formulating policies and programs to
reduce poverty and
 to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted,
every birth is safe, every young person is
free of HIV/AIDS , and every girl and women
is treated with dignity and respect.

 UNFPA promotes the right of every women,

man and child to enjoy a life of health and
CURRENT COUNTRY
PROGRAM

Major program focuses on

 reproductive health,
 population education programs,
 gender equality,
 Support in development/ update of
policy/strategies, protocols, manuals
and national standards.
 WORLD BANK
 The World Bank is a specialized agency of UN.
World Bank group’s operation in Nepal began in
1969

 Main objective: poverty reduction

 The world bank provides assistance in various

sectors aimed at reducing poverty and uplifting
the overall socioeconomic development of the
people of Nepal.

 The vision for the health sector is to reduce the

high population growth ,to improve the status of
health and to reduce high maternal and child
mortality.
WORLD BANK PROJECTS
IN NEPAL
 To improve the access to health care in
rural area
 Program to place demand for good
governance
 School sector reform program
 Nepal food crisis response program
 Nepal health sector program
 Avian influenza control program
 WORLD FOOD PROGRAM
 It focuses special attention on developing rural
areas to defeat hunger

 On 21 November 1951, Nepal became the

member of food and agriculture
organization(FAO)
 FAO is a technical agency.

 Crop diversification ,vegetable production ,dairy

farming, small farmer development ,
aquaculture,
community and leasehold forestry development
marketing have been implemented in country.
 BILATERAL
ORGANIZATION
 A bilateral organization is a government
agency or non-profit organization based in a
single country while the agency provides aid,
including medical aid or disaster relief, for
people in other developing countries.

 The organization or government agency does

not usually provide this kind of aid to citizens
of the company's home country and is usually
concerned solely with providing aid to citizens
of developing countries throughout the world.
USAID (UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT)
 USAID provides aid to countries in Sub-Saharan
Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and
Caribbean, and the Middle East

 Helps to initiate development work in the area

of education, healthcare, poverty reduction,
agriculture, the environment etc.

 In the area of global health -HIV/AIDS

prevention, care, and treatment programs,
strengthens health systems, fights infectious
diseases and strives to improve maternal and
child health through immunization, better
nutrition,etc
 IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL
 Maternal, newborn and child health
 Family planning and reproductive health
 Nutrition
 HIV/AIDS and STI
 Neglected tropical and vaccine preventable
disease
 Logistics and supply chain management
 Environmental health
SIDA (SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY)

 Is assisting the National Tuberculosis

Program since 1979
- supplies X-ray unit, microscopes,
anti-tuberculosis drug
 DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT(DFID)
 Bilateral organization of UK
 DFID aims to eliminate poverty in poorer
countries.

 The major initiatives funded to date include

building schools , irrigation, drinking water
schemes, improved cooking stoves, foot bridges,
improved water mills, income generating
activities and skills development training.

 Community support program (CSP)

 Improving basic services
 Economic growth for the rural poor
 Tackling social inclusion
IN NEPAL ,MAJOR PROGRAM FOCUS ON

 Maternal ,newborn and reproductive

health
 Provide funding support to rural
communities
 Essential health care services
 Gender equity and social inclusion
 Procurement and infrastructure
management
 Health policy and planning
 Health system strengthening
 Monitoring, evaluation and research
GERMAN TECHNICAL COOPERATION(GTZ)NOW
CALLED GIZ (GERMAN INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION)

 GTZ has maintained its own office in the

Kathmandu since 1979.

 The priority areas are - Nepalese poverty

reduction strategy, economic growth,
human development, social inclusion,
health and family planning.
SWISS AGENCY FOR DEVELOPMENT
AND COOPERATION (SDC)
 Nepal is a priority country for the Swiss
government.

 Since 2005, peace and human rights

activities have been combined with
developmental activities to reduce
political and social conflicts in Nepal.
MAJOR PROGRAM FOCUS
 Social inclusion
 Human Empowerment
 Primary health care
 Family planning
 Health information
“Healthy Minds Build
Healthy Bodies”