Synchronous Induction
An alternator
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icmotors.html#generators
An alternator
In the next animation, the two brushes
contact two continuous rings, so the two
external terminals are always connected
to the same ends of the coil. The result
is the unrectified, sinusoidal emf given
by NBAw sin wt, which is shown in the
next animation
An alternator
This is an AC generator. The
advantages of AC and DC generators
are compared in a section below. We
saw above that a DC motor is also a DC
generator. Similarly, an alternator is also
an AC motor. However, it is a rather
inflexible one. (See
How real electric motors work for more
details.)
Back emf
Now, as the first two animations show, DC
motors and generators may be the same thing.
For example, the motors of trains become
generators when the train is slowing down:
they convert kinetic energy into electrical
energy and put power back into the grid.
Recently, a few manufacturers have begun
making cars rationally. In such cars, the
electric motors used to drive the car are also
used to charge the batteries when the car is
stopped - it is called regenerative braking.
Back emf
So here is an interesting corollary. Every
motor is a generator. This is true, in a
sense, even when it functions as a
motor. The emf that a motor generates is
called the back emf
Back emf
The back emf increases with the speed,
because of Faraday's law. So, if the
motor has no load, it turns very quickly
and speeds up until the back emf, plus
the voltage drop due to losses, equal the
supply voltage
Back emf
The back emf can be thought of as a
'regulator': it stops the motor turning too
quickly. When the motor is loaded, then the
phase of the voltage becomes closer to that of
the current (it starts to look resistive) and this
apparent resistance gives a voltage. So the
back emf required is smaller, and the motor
turns more slowly. (To add the back emf,
which is inductive, to the resistive component,
you need to add voltages that are out of
phase. See AC circuits.)
AC motors
WithAC currents, we can reverse field
directions without having to use brushes.
This is good news, because we can
avoid the arcing, the ozone production
and the ohmic loss of energy that
brushes can entail. Further, because
brushes make contact between moving
surfaces, they wear out.
AC motors
The first thing to do in an AC motor is to
create a rotating field. 'Ordinary' AC from
a 2 or 3 pin socket is single phase AC--it
has a single sinusoidal potential
difference generated between only two
wires--the active and neutral. (Note that
the Earth wire doesn't carry a current
except in the event of electrical faults.)
AC motors
With single phase AC, one can produce a
rotating field by generating two currents that
are out of phase using for example a
capacitor. In the example shown, the two
currents are 90¡ out of phase, so the vertical
component of the magnetic field is sinusoidal,
while the horizontal is cosinosoidal, as shown.
This gives a field rotating counterclockwise.
Synchronous Machines
A synchronous machine is an ac rotating
machine whose speed under steady state
condition is proportional to the frequency of
the current in its armature. The magnetic field
created by the armature currents rotates at the
same speed as that created by the field
current on the rotor, which is rotating at the
synchronous speed, and a steady torque
results.
Synchronous Machines
Synchronous machines are commonly used as
generators especially for large power
systems, such as turbine generators and
hydroelectric generators in the grid power
supply. Because the rotor speed is
proportional to the frequency of excitation,
synchronous motors can be used in situations
where constant speed drive is required.
Synchronous Machines
Since the reactive power generated by a
synchronous machine can be adjusted by
controlling the magnitude of the rotor field
current, unloaded synchronous machines are
also often installed in power systems solely for
power factor correction or for control of
reactive kVA flow. Such machines, known as
synchronous condensers, may be more
economical in the large sizes than static
capacitors.
Synchronous Machine Structures
The armature winding of a conventional synchronous
machine is almost invariably on the stator and is
usually a three phase winding. The field winding is
usually on the rotor and excited by dc current, or
permanent magnets. The dc power supply required for
excitation usually is supplied through a dc generator
known as exciter, which is often mounted on the same
shaft as the synchronous machine. Various excitation
systems using ac exciter and solid state rectifiers are
used with large turbine generators.
Rotor Types
Rotor Types
Generally, round rotor structure is used
for high speed synchronous machines,
such as steam turbine generators,
while salient pole structure is used for
low speed applications, such as
hydroelectric generators.
Stator of Synchronous M/C
Electrical Angle
A great many synchronous machines
have more than two poles. As a specific
example, we consider a four pole
machine. As the rotor rotates for one
revolution (qm=2), the induced emf
varies for two cycles (q = 4), and hence
= 2 m
Electrical Angle
For a general case, if a machine has P poles,
the relationship between the electrical and
mechanical units of an angle can be readily
deduced as:
p
m
2
Taking derivatives on the both side of the above
equation, we obtain
p
w wm
2
mmf in three phases
Resultant mmf
Rotating mmf
The above diagram plots the resultant
mmf F1 at two specific time instants: t=0
and t=p/2w. It can be readily observed
that F1 is a rotating mmf in the +
direction (a b c) with a constant
magnitude 3Fm/2. The speed of this
rotating mmf can be calculated as:
Synchronous M/C
Generator Motor
Va Ea ( Ra jX a ).I a
Open & Short circuit Tests
Short Circuit Test Open Circuit Test
Synchronous Generator
Generator Phasor Diagram
Va Ea jI a . X s
Synchronous Motor
Motor Phasor Diagram
Va Ea jI a . X s
