PNEUMONIA
Compiled by :
Mr. Raman Chaturvedi
BSc (N), MSc (N), RNRM, BSc (Bio)
Assistant Professor ( HOD Pedia )
Ch. Sughar Singh Nursing & Paramedical college
Jashwant Nagar Etawaha(U.P.)
DEFINITION
1. It is a inflammatory process involving lung
parenchyma.
"Indian Academy of Pediatrics"
2. It is a inflammation with consolidation ( it is a
state of being solid with exudate ) of parenchymal
cells of the lung.
"Marlow - Redding"
INCIDENCE-
- Occurs most commonly in infants and young
children.
- 30% children are admitted because of pneumonia.
- 90% of deaths in respiratory illnesses are due to
pneumonia.
- The condition kills an estimated 1.8 million children
every year, according to World Health Organization.
In India, the casualty is as high as 3 to 4 lakh
children.
1. Lobar Pneumonia:
- Involves one or more lobes of the lung
2. Bronchopneumonia (Patchy Pneumonia):
- Involves scattered patches throughout the
lung
3. Interstitial Pneumonia:
- Involves the interstitial tissue of the lung
Etiological Classification:
1. Bacterial Pneumonia: Caused by Bacteria
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Staphylococcus aureus
2. Viral Pneumonia: Caused by Viral Infection.
- Influenza
- Adenovirus
- Coronavirus
3. Fungal Pneumonia: Caused By Fungal Infection.
4. Parasitic Pneumonia: Caused By Parasite infection
- Plasmodium falciparum (malaria)
- Toxoplasma gondii
Clinical Manifestations:
Common Symptoms:
1. Cough
2. Fever
3. Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
4. Chest pain or tightness
5. Fatigue
6. Loss of appetite
7. Vomiting
8. Diarrhea
9. Headache
10. Confusion (in severe cases)
Physical Examination Findings:
1. Increased respiratory rate
2. Retractions (drawing in of chest wall)
3. Nasal flaring
4. Grunting
5. Wheezes or crackles on lung auscultation.
Severe Symptoms:
1. Respiratory failure
2. Hypoxemia
3. Hypercapnia
4. Cardiac arrest
5. Seizures
6. Confusion or altered mental status
Diagnostic Evaluation:
Clinical Assessment:
1. Medical history
2. Physical examination
3. Respiratory rate and effort
4. Oxygen saturation monitoring
5. Auscultation (lung sounds)
Laboratory Tests:
1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
2. Blood culture
3. Nasopharyngeal swab (for viral detection)
4. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis (in severe cases)
Imaging Studies:
1. Chest radiography (CXR)
2. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan (in
severe cases)
3. Lung ultrasound
4.Pulmonary Function Tests
PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT-
1. Bacterial pneumonia: Amoxicillin, azithromycin, or
ceftriaxone
2. Viral pneumonia: Antiviral medications (e.g., oseltamivir)
for Viral Infection.
3. Severe pneumonia: Broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g.,
cefotaxime, vancomycin)
Respiratory Support:
1. Nasal cannula oxygen
2. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
3. Mechanical ventilation (in severe cases)
4. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC)
NURSING MANAGEMENT-
- ASSESSEMENT OF A CHILD AND DETERMINE THE CAUSATIVE
ORGANISM.
- CONTROL OF FEVER.
- MAINTAINE PATENT AIRWAY, PROVISION OF HIGH HUMIDIFIED OXYGEN.
- POSITIONING.
- MONITOR RESPIRATORY STATUS AND VITAL SIGNS.
- ADMINISTRATION OF ANTIBIOTICS PROVISION OF APPROPRIATE AND
ADEQUATE FLUIDS AND NUTRITION.
- SUPPORT AND EDUCATION TO PARENTS.
