HUMAN

BEHAVIOR AND
VICTIMOLOGY
 BEHAVIOR
Refers to the way in which an organism
responds to stimulus.
Refers to the product of the mind.

Stimulus:a thing or event that evokes a

specific functional reaction in an organ or
tissue
 Human behavior
It is the voluntary or involuntary attitude
a person adopts in order to fit society’s
idea of right and wrong. It’s partly
determined by heredity and environment
and modified through learning. It is also
the way human being act.
 Psychology vs Psychiatry
PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHIATRY

The medical specialty that focuses on diagnosing

The study of how people think, feel, and behave
and treating mental health conditions

Psychologists are professionals with doctoral Psychiatrists are medical doctors who have
degrees who specialize in the study of the mind completed medical school and residency

Psychiatrists can work in a variety of settings,

Psychologists can work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, private practices, and nursing
including schools, offices, and private practices homes

Psychologists can treat mild mental health PsychiatryPsychiatrists can treat serious mental
health conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar
conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and
disorder, and suicidal ideation
trauma
Psychiatrists can prescribe medication and other
Psychologists can provide therapy, but they medical treatments
usually can't prescribe medication
 NATURE OF DIFFERENCES

Physical

Ability/Skill

Personality

Intelligence
 Causation of Human Behavior
[Link] - feeling or impression of stimulus
- the process by which organism responds to
stimulus
A.1. VISUAL
– SIGHT
 A.2.
O L FA C T O R Y –
SMELL
 A.3.
C U TA N E O U S
– TOUCH
A . 4. AUDI TO RY
– HEARING
 A.5.
G U S TAT O RY –
TA S T E
[Link] - knowledge of stimulus

-sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli from our

sensory organ.
• process by which sensory stimuli are interpreted, analyzed, and integrated

[Link] - psychological activity, it is in accordance with the

interpretation and experience of object of stimulus
C. Two Basic Types of Human
Behavior
[Link] Behavior –
behavioral response or reflex
exhibited by people due to their
genetic endowment or the
process of natural selection.
[Link] Behavior –
involves cognitive
adaptation that enhances
the human beings ability to
cope with changes in the
environment in ways
which improve the changes
for service.
The Needs Theory of
Human Behavior says that
our unmet desires (needs for
food, safety, love, etc.) create
tension, motivating us to
seek satisfaction. However,
society's rules and
structures may conflict with
our individual efforts to
 The Psychodynamics of Human Motivation
Psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud
Psychodynamics, which literally means motivation to
action, define human behavior in terms of inner
personality of the inner self. The concept of subjective life
and the inner forces within, called mental personality.
Id, Ego, and Superego
3 psychic forces and makes one act and feel in certain
ways its interplay.
Id: Primitive, instinctual - Ego: Balances id's
- Superego: Internalized
drives (hunger, sex, desires with reality,
moral standards,
aggression) seeking seeking safe and socially
representing societal
immediate gratification acceptable satisfaction
rules and expectations.
(pleasure principle). (reality principle).
E. Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior

[Link] – emphasizes human actions in relation to events taking place inside the body,
especially the brain and the nervous system.

[Link] – concerned with the way the brain processes and transforms information in various
ways.

[Link] – emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and

aggressive impulses in childhood.

[Link] – focuses on external activities that can be observed and measured.

[Link] – focuses on the subject’s experience, freedom of choice, and motivation

 practice.
[Link] – Is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience or
[Link] – Consists of conditions and factors that surround and influence on
individual.
[Link] – It is determined by genes. Genes are segments of cell structures called
chromosomes by which parents pass on traits to their offspring.
Factors that Affect Human Behavior
 consciousness.
level of awareness. It is unconscious when acts are embedded in one’s sub –
[Link] or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when act are within the
[Link] or Covert Behavior - Behavior that are outwardly manifested or those that are
directly observable are overt behaviors. On the other hand, the covert behaviors are
behaviors that are hidden and not visible to the naked eye.
Kinds of Behavior
.Simple or Complex Behavior - These are
c

act categorized according to the number

of nervous involved in the process of
behaving. Simple behavior involves less
number of neurons, while complex
behavior involves more number of
neurons, a combination of simple
behavior.
[Link] or Irrational Behavior - There is rational
behavior when a person acted with sanity or reason and
there is irrational behavior when the person acted with no
apparent reason or exploitation.

[Link] or involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is

an act done with full volition or will such as when we
discriminate, decide, or choose; while involuntary behaviors
refer to the bodily processes that function whether we are
awake or asleep.
Personality Dimensions That Affect Human
Behavior
Extraversion: High need for stimulation; less easily
conditioned; may lead to risk-taking.
- Neuroticism: Intense emotional reactions to stress;
moodiness, anxiety; more relevant in adult criminality.
- Psychoticism: Impulsivity, aggression, lack of
empathy; disregard for social norms and danger.
 PERSONALITY

Pattern of habits, attitudes and trials that

defines an individual’s characteristics, behavior
and qualities.
• AMBIVERT a mixture of between an extrovert and
introvert.
• EXTROVERT It characterized by interest directed
toward the external environment of people and things
rather than toward inner experiences and oneself.
INTROVERT It characterized by direction of interest
toward oneself and one's inner world of experiences.
PERSONALITY
Personality includes the following:

Habits – reaction often repeated

ATTITUDES may either be positive or negative, favorable or unfavorable, learned or acquired.

• PHYSICAL TRAITS - this includes facial appearance, height, weight, physical defects, complexion, strength and
health.

MENTAL TRAITS - includes our ability to control the mind.

Emotional traits – capacity to face different situation and still maintain composure

Social traits – ability to get along with others

Developmental tasks

Developmental tasks
refer to a physical or
cognitive skill that a
person must accomplish
during a particular age
period to continue
development.
Factors affecting learning

Motivation – arouses interest, provides an objective and direct towards a goal, thus it facilitates
learning.

Reinforcement – use of audio-visual aid, reviews, drills and other means

Extinction – to let something die out or be forgotten by disuse if it will not facilitate learning

Association– the more connection are made with the subject, the better it will be learned and
retained.

Interest – own motivation, aside from having the one teaching making the topic interesting.

Rewards or punishment – should be immediate for it to be effective

Recency – learning should be made recent in order for them not to forget what they have learned.
 Conflict

the arousal of two or more strong

motives that cannot be solved
together.
3 Basic Forms of Conflict
1. Approach- Avoidance Conflict
1. a situation involving a single
goal or option that has both
desirable and undesirable
aspects or consequences.
2. The closer an individual comes to
the goal, the greater the anxiety,
but withdrawal from the goal then
increases the desire.
Approach-Approach
Conflict
1. an intrapersonal
conflict when a decision
is to be made from two
appealing choices.
AV O I D A N C E - AV O I D A N C E C O N F L I C T
IS WHEN A PERSON HAS
D I F F I C U LT Y C H O O S I N G B E T W E E N
T W O U N FAV O R A B L E O P T I O N S .
 Adjustment

A. Adjustment Defined
Adjustment, on the psychological point of views, can
be defined simply as a process where the internal demands of
motivations are brought into harmonious relation with the
external demands of reality. As a means to adjustments,
persons resorted to what is known as defense mechanism or
adjustment mechanism.
Defense mechanism or adjustment
mechanism
- Used to defend the ego
- Unconscious strategies people use to anxiety
by concealing the source from themselves
and others.
B. General Principles of Adjustment
[Link] Level - Immunological defenses against
disease and damage repair mechanism
[Link] and Interpersonal Level - There are
learned coping patterns and self – defenses
[Link] – cultural Level - Groups of labor unions,
religious organization and law enforcement
agencies.
C. Types of Defense mechanism
a. Repression - Unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into
unconsciousness. Repression is the most direct method of dealing with anxiety;
instead of handling an anxiety – producing impulse on a conscious level, one
simply ignores it.
b. Suppression - Involve the individual’s and conscious attempt to stop anxiety –
provoking thoughts by simply not thinking about them.
c. Denial - Refers to a person’s refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in external
reality.
d. Displacement –
- The expression of unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more
threatening, powerful person to a weaker one.
Scapegoating - Blaming other for his failure

Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person invents acceptable reasons for their behavior, often to avoid facing
uncomfortable truths or accepting responsibility
Projection
- The process of shifting the responsibility for an act or thought from oneself to another person
- Attributing unwanted impulse and feeling to someone else.
- Reaction Formation - Defense mechanism where urges that are not acceptable to the consciousness are repressed and
opposite attitudes or modes of behaviors are expressed with considerable force.

- Sublimation - People divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behavior. This type of defense
mechanism is particularly healthy and socially acceptable.

- Regression – process relieving anxiety or threat falling back on thoughts, feelings, or behavior in which worked
successfully during the earlier period of life.
 Abnormal Behavior

A behavior that fails to meet the

characteristics of a normal person
Types of Abnormal Behavior
Personality Disorder - It originates
during early development process leading
to maladaptive behavior.
 Types of Personality Disorder

Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Histrionic Narcissistic Antisocial

Personality Personality Personality Personality Personality Personality
Paranoid personality disorder

is a mental health condition marked by a long-term pattern of distrust and

suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• People with schizotypal personality disorder are often

identified as having an eccentric personality.
• They might take magical thinking, superstitions, or paranoid
thoughts very seriously, avoiding people whom they
irrationally mistrust.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Narcissistic personality disorder is a mental health condition in which
people have an unreasonably high sense of their own importance.
• They need and seek too much attention and want people
constantly seeking attention. being uncomfortable in
situations where they are not the center of attention.
This is characterized by attempt to be the center of attention
through the use of theatrical and self- dramatizing behavior.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• The cannot conform to the social norms.
• A type of personality disorder characterised by impulsive, irresponsible and often criminal
behaviour.
• Someone with antisocial personality disorder will typically be manipulative, deceitful and
reckless, and will not care for other people's feelings.
Neuroses - Neuroses or psychoneuroses are behavioral
disorder brought about by emotional tension resulting from
frustration, conflicts, repression, or insecurity. The persons
who develop a neurosis breaks down under the pressure of
outer and inner stresses and displays a host of distress
symptoms, although not serious enough to require
institutionalization. They compromise with reality by
developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions,
compulsions, anxiety or depression
Classification of Neuroses According to Most Striking Symptoms

Anxiety Reactions: - Definition: A pervasive and ongoing feeling of

anxiety and worry, often without a clear reason. The person may be
constantly tense, easily upset, and preoccupied with potential future
problems.

Hysteria: - Definition: A disorder where a person experiences

physical symptoms (like paralysis, pain, or blindness) without a clear
medical explanation. These symptoms often serve as a way to cope
with emotional stress.
Forms of Hysteria
b.1.2.1. Amnesia - A disorder in which the individual cannot recall his or her
name and remembers little or nothing about the past. It is obliteration through
repression of awareness of the self and of the historical data of all part of
one’s previous existence.
Types of Amnesia
b.[Link]. Anterograde – the inability to retain information which has just been
seen or read.
b.[Link]. Retrograde – the inability to recall any event which took place
during certain period of time.
b.[Link]. Localized – the inability to recall events which are related to a
particular situation.
Psychastenia - A psychoneurotic condition accompanied by
a vast range of mental and emotional symptoms which
cannot be controlled. The person is fear – ridden by
unreasonable dreads or phobias, obsessions and compulsion.
Other symptoms of psychastenia are unreasonable elation,
constant depression, or over inhibition.
Forms of Psychastenia
Phobias - An irrational or exaggerated fear of an object,
person, act or situation. These may be developed towards
any imaginable aspect of environment.
[Link] or nyctophobia – fear of dark
[Link] – fear of high places
[Link] – fear of drinking
[Link] – fear of blood
[Link] – fear of water
Compulsion - An irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual which the individual feels compelled to
carry out even though it is recognized as irrational he or she must do so in order to reduce the tension.
Completing the act makes the individual temporarily at ease; failure to do so makes him or her
extremely nervous. In its fleurotic form, compulsion are mere persistent and more absurd, and may
grow to such dimensions as to interfere seriously with the patient’s ability to carry out normal routine.

1. Arithmomania – the impulse to count everything

2. Dipsomania – the impulse to drink liquor
3. Homicidal mania – the impulse to kill
4. Kleptomania – the impulse to steal
5. Megalomania – the impulse for fame or power
6. Pyromania – the impulse to set things on fire
7. Suicidal mania – the impulse to takes one’s life
Psychoses
- Psychoses are serious mental illness where behavior is unpredictable. Psychotic
persons have a wholly unrealistic interpretation of the self and the life around
them. Their ego has lost control over the personality. They have great mood
swings – extreme depression to extreme exaltation. They are quit and docile at
one moment and hyperactive, even violent, the next. They are socially inept.
- Person suffering psychoses significantly lost or distort of contact from reality
such as delusion, hallucination, and regression. (Disturbances in thinking,
thought content, perception, mood and effect, judgment) and dementia praecox.
Psychotic almost completely out of touch with the real world.
. Forms of Functional Psychoses
Schizophrenic Disorders - Schizophrenia is a
psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality,
indifference concerning everyday problems, and the
tendency to live in a world of fantasy. It was formerly
called dementia praecox by Emil Kraeplin, a German
Psychiatrist. The term schizophrenia was given by
Eugene Bleuler which literally means splitting of the
mind”.
Types of Schizophrenia

Simple Schizophrenia – Manifests a gradual decline of interest and

ambition. The person withdraws from practically all social contacts, as well
as become irritable and inattentive. No encouragement or reasoning can
make him or her renew interest or activity. He or she no little effort to work
or play; careless about personal habits and prefers to daydream.

Hebephrenic Schizophrenia: person who starts

giggling uncontrollably, making strange faces, and
speaking nonsense. Their behavior becomes
increasingly bizarre and childlike.
Deviant Sexual
Behavior
.Sexuality - Behavior associated with relation between sexes
and reproductive organ.
B. Normal Sexuality - Sexual completion that leads to mature
and adjusted individual capable of entering relationships with a
member of the opposite sex which are physically and mentally
stable and satisfying heterosexual.
C. Abnormal Sexuality/Sexual Deviancy - Sexual behavior
which seeks stimulation and gratification by means other than
heterosexual.
Classification of Sexual Abnormalities

1. Heterosexual - Sexual desire towards opposite sex; socially and medically acceptable
2. Homosexual - Sexual desire towards the same sex
3. Pedophilia is a serious mental health condition involving a persistent sexual attraction
to prepubescent children.
4. Bestosexual - Sexual desire towards animal
5. Autosexual - A form of self – abuse or solitary vice carried without the cooperation of
another person
6. Gerontophilia - Sexual desire with elder person
7. Necrophilia - Sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual sexual
intercourse with a corps
8. Incest - Sexual relations between person who by reason of blend relationship cannot
legally married
9. Coprolalia –sexual arousal with the need to use obscene language
Voyeurism - A form of sexual perversion characterized by
a compulsion to peep to see person undress or perform
other personal activities

Exhibitionism is the act of exposing one's genitals in

public or semi-public places for sexual gratification. It's
considered a paraphilic disorder when it's uncontrollable
and causes distress or impairment in daily life.
 Victimology
Scientific study of physical, emotional and
financial harm people suffer because of illegal
activities. Included in this definition is the
victimization occurring for victims within the
criminal justice system.
 Victimization

refers to the outcome of an intentional

action taken by a person to cause
harm or destroy the property of
another person.
Victimology
 Victims – individuals who experience loss, injury, or
hardship for any reason.
 Crime Victims – above as result of an illegal act.
 Direct/Primary – experiences criminal act and its
consequences first hand.
 Indirect/Secondary – family and those who suffer
emotionally or financially but are not immediately involved
or physically injured.
General Classes of Victims
Hans Von Hentig
The Young – the weak by virtue of age and immaturity
The Female – often less physically powerful and easily dominated by
males.
The Old – the incapable of physical defense and the common object
of confidence scheme.
The Mentally Defective – those that are unable to think clearly.
The Immigrant – those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in the
surrounding society.
The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to victimization or
unequal treatment by the agency of justice.
Other Types of Victims
 Benjamin Mendelsohn

 Completely Innocent Victim: This person exhibits no provocative or contributory

behavior prior to the offender’s attack.
 Victim due to Ignorance: this person unwittingly does something that places him or
her in a position to be victimized.
 Voluntary Victim: Victims make a conscious and deliberate choice to suffer harm or
loss. This includes suicides, or those injured while participating in high – risk activities
crimes such as drug abuse or prostitution.
 Victim more Guilty than the Offender: The victim provokes a criminal act (e.g.,
throws the first punch to start a fight but ends up a loser).
 Most Guilty Victim: This person is the initial aggressor, but due to circumstances
beyond his or her control ends up the victim (e.g., attempts to rob a convenience store
but is short by the storeowner).
 Simulating or Imaginary Victim: this person is a pretender, or false reporter. No crime
has happened yet the person reports suffering harm or loss.
Victim Precipitation Theory
According to victim precipitation theory, some people may
actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their
injury or death. Victim precipitation can be either active or passive.

Active precipitation: occurs when the victim act provocatively,

use threats or fighting words, or even attack first.

Passive precipitation: occurs when the victim exhibits some

personal characteristics that unknowingly either threatens or
encourages the attacker.
Lifestyle Theory
Some criminologist believed people may become victims because
their lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal offenders.
Victimization risk is increased by such behaviors as associating
young men, going out in public places late at night, and living in an
urban area.
 High-Risk Lifestyles
People who have high-risk lifestyles- drinking, taking drugs,
getting involved in crime- maintain a much greater chance of
victimization. Groups that have an extremely risky life, such as
young runaways living on a street, are at high risk for victimization;
the more time they are exposed to street life, the greater their risk of
becoming crime victims.
Routine Activities Theory
 The availability of suitable targets
 The absence of capable guardians
 The presence of motivated offenders
 Guardianship
Even the most motivated offenders may ignore valuable
targets if they are well guarded. Despite containing valuable
commodities, private homes and/or public businesses may be
considered off-limits by seasoned criminals if they are well
protected by capable guardians and efficient security
systems.
Stages of Crisis:

Impact Stage:

- Immediate Reactions: Shock, disbelief, numbness, denial, confusion, fear, anger, anxiety.

- Physical Symptoms: Rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, nausea, difficulty breathing.

Recoil Stage:

- Emotional Rollercoaster: Fluctuating emotions, from intense sadness to anger and guilt.

- Withdrawal: Social isolation, avoidance of reminders of the trauma.

- Physical Effects: Fatigue, sleep disturbances, appetite changes.

Reorganization Stage:

- Gradual Healing: Acceptance of the trauma, processing emotions, developing coping mechanisms.

- Rebuilding: Re-engaging in life, seeking support from loved ones or professionals.

- Resilience: Learning to move forward, finding meaning in the experience.

THANK YOU