OBJECT-

ORIENTED
PROGRAMMI
NG
REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS
Attributes
:
•Name
•Age
•Height
•…..
Functions
:
•Walking
•Driving
Sheldon
• ……

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REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS
Attributes Attributes
: :
•Name •Name
•Age •Fuel
•Height •speed
•….. •…..
Functions Functions
: :
•Walking •setFule
•Driving •setSpeed
Sheldon Sedan
• …… •beDriven
• ……

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REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS
Attributes Attributes
: :
•Name •Name
•Age •Fuel
•Height •speed
•….. •…..
Functions Functions
: :
•Walking •setFule
•Driving •setSpeed
Sheldon Sedan
• …… •beDriven
• ……

Sheldon is driving his

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REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS

A B

Sheldon is driving his Sedan

from A to B

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 REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS
Penny
Leonard

Amy
Sheldon

Class: person
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REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS
Class:
person
Attribute
s:
•Name
•Age
•Height
•…..
Function
s:
•Walking Class: Blueprint of object
•Driving
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• …… 7
REAL WORLD
PROBLEMS

Object: Sheldon

Class: person

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Object: Amy 8
 OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
Object 1 Object 2

communication
Data Data
Function Function

Object 3

Data
Function

Allows decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called object.

Builds data and functions around these objects.
Data of an object can be accessed only by the function associated with the object
and protects it from accidental modification from outside functions.
Function of one object can communication with the function of other object.
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C++, Java etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
Emphasis is on data rather than
procedure.
Programs are divided into objects.
Data is hidden and can not be
accessed by external functions.
Object may communicate with each
other through functions.
Follows bottom-up approach.
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BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
Lot of small modules will be grouped to
form a single large module.
Specific to general.

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 HOW PROCEDURE-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING LOOKS AT A
PROBLEM
Procedures/functions
Procedures act on data
Program

Procedure Data

Procedure

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HOW OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING LOOKS AT A
PROBLEM?
Objects M
et

d
Data ho

ho
Methods d

et
M
(functions)
Data
Methods surround

M
d
the data and

e
o

t
protect data from
th

ho
other objects
e

d
M
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF
OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING

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OBJECTS

Can be concrete and tangible entities.

Sheldon, amy, book, car, laptop etc..
Can be abstract entities and do not have
to be tangible.
Database, email, webpage, song etc..
An object can contain other objects
House = kitchen + bedrooms + …
Laptop = keyboard + display +
processor + …
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OBJECTS’ THREE
PROPERTIES
Unique identity – name, serial number,
relationship with another object ..
Set of attributes – location, speed, size,
name, phone number …
Behaviors (action)– walking, driving, take
picture, send email …

Behavior

Attributes
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CLASSES
Describe the commonalities of similar
objects.
 Person : sheldon, leonard, amy, panny ..
 Car : sedan, ford, toyota ...
 Classroom : CSE 101, CSE 102 …
 Building: CSE, EEE, CE, ME …
Blueprint of object.
Describe both the attributes and the
behaviors
 Person: name, age .. + sleep, walk ..
User-defined
Aug 10, 2025 data types and behave like the 17
ENCAPSULATION
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single
unit is known as encapsulation.
Data is not accessible to the outside world.
Only those functions which are wrapped in the class
can access it.
This insulation of the data from direct access by the
program is known as ‘data hiding’ or ‘information
hiding’.

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 ABSTRACTION
Representing essential features without
including the background details or
explanations.

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INHERITANCE
A process by which objects of one class acquire the
properties of objects of another class.
Provides the idea of reusability.
Inherited class is called parent/base/super class.
Class that inherits parent class is known as
child/derived/sub class.
vehicle

wheeled vehicle boat

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 POLYMORPHISM
Poly - many and morph – form(behavior).
An operation may exhibit different behavior in
different instances.

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SPECIFYING A CLASS

Class members:
 Functions – member functions.
 Variables – data members.
Visibility labels:
 Private – can be accessed only from within the
class.
 Public – can be accessed from outside of the class
also.
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 SPECIFYING A CLASS
Only the member functions can have access
to the private data members and private
functions.

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SIMPLE CLASS EXAMPLE
AND ITS REPRESENTATION

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CREATING OBJECTS
Once a class has been declared, we can create
variables of that type by using the class name.
item X ; // memory for X is created
It creates a variable of of type item. In c++ the class variables are known as
objects. Therefore X is called an object of type item.
Objects can also be created when a class is defined by placing their names
immediately after the closing brace as we do in the case of structures. For
e.g.-
class item
{ --------
------------ } x,y,z;
But usually we declare the objects close to the place where they are used &
not at the time of class definition.
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ACCESSING CLASS
MEMBERS

item x;

lega
l
illegal

illegal

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DEFINING MEMBER
FUNCTIONS
Outside the class definition.
Inside the class definition.

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OUTSIDE THE CLASS
DEFINITION

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OUTSIDE THE CLASS
DEFINITION Membership
label

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CHARACTERISTICS OF
MEMBER FUNCTION
Several different classes can use the
same function name. The ‘membership
label’ will resolve their scope.
Member function can access the private
data of the class. A non-member function
(except friend function) can not do so.
A member function can call another
member function directly without using
dot operator.

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INSIDE THE CLASS
DEFINITION

When a function is defined inside of a class, it is

treated as an inline function.

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A SIMPLE PROGRAM

Input: name and age of a person.

Output: display name and age of that
person.

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A SIMPLE PROGRAM

keyword

Attributes
By default “private”

Functions/methods

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A SIMPLE PROGRAM
Header file

Scope resolution operator

Insertion or put to operator/ bit-wise left-shif

Extraction or get from operator

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A SIMPLE PROGRAM

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A SIMPLE PROGRAM

dot operator

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C++ PROGRAM WITH
CLASS

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C++ PROGRAM WITH
CLASS

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C++ PROGRAM WITH
CLASS

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C++ PROGRAM WITH
CLASS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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NESTING OF MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

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ARRAYS OF OBJECTS

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ARRAYS OF OBJECTS

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ARRAYS OF OBJECTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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OBJECTS AS FUNCTION
ARGUMENTS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES
Forward declaration

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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A FUNCTION FRIENDLY
TO TWO CLASSES

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RETURNING OBJECTS

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RETURNING OBJECTS

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RETURNING OBJECTS

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RETURNING OBJECTS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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FRIENDLY FUNCTIONS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

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FRIEND CLASS

Aug 10, 2025 93

REFERENCES

1. “Object oriented programming with

C++” – E balagurusamy, second
edition.
2. http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/
tutorial/inheritance/
3. Web.

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