MILLIMETER WAVES

OUTLINES

Introduction

Motivation

How will it work?

Key Challenges

Technical Potential

Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

3
INTRODUCTION
More people and devices are
consuming more data than
ever

However, using same RF

Today’s
Less bandwidth and more
Wireless
dropped connections
Networks

Possible New swath of the spectrum

1-10 mm 10 cm
Today’s
Until Satellite
Wireless
and Radar
Networks
Mobile Mobile
Networks? Networks 5
INTRODUCTION

6
MOTIVATION

7
MOTIVATION

8
 HOW WILL IT WORK? Higher frequencies
Concerns about The propagation always incur a much
utilizing characteristics at higher propagation
mmWave higher frequencies loss even in free
space compared to
frequency bands such as higher lower frequencies,
for mobile penetration, and thus are not
cellular precipitation, and adequate for long-
communications range
foliage losses communications.

Idea is to Friis
keep same transmissi
physical on
size equation 9
 FRIIS TRANSMISSION
EQUATION
2
   n
Pr d   Pt   d n is usually in the range 2 to 6. For free space n 2.
 4 
For an isotropic radiators, received power
Pt  2
is directly proportional to the square of the
Pr d  
4
 d 2
4
 wavelength.
Receive spectral Effective receive If the dependency of received power on the
density aperture
wavelength neglected i.e. for the fixed physical length
Pt 2 received power depends on antenna gains greater
Pr d   Gr Gt than unity.

 4 
2
4
 d Transmit antenna
Receive spectral Effective receive gain Array of antennas can be used to utilize
density aperture
mmWave for mobile cellular networks.

10
FRIIS TRANSMISSION
EQUATION
 Given the same physical aperture size, therefore, transmit and receive antennas at higher
frequencies, in fact, send and receive more energy through narrower directed beams, which is not
commonly recognized.
In order to verify, measurements have been conducted in an anechoic chamber using two
antennas supporting 3 and 30 GHz, respectively, as shown in figure below.
 A patch antenna at 3 GHz and an array antenna at 30 GHz of the same physical size were
designed for this measurement and placed within an anechoic chamber at each communication
ends.

11
FRIIS TRANSMISSION
EQUATION
 As expected from the Friis equation and the discussion on slide 10, the results in
figure below show the same amount of propagation loss regardless of the operating
frequency when an array antenna of the same physical aperture size is used at the
30 GHz receiving end.
In addition, when array antennas are used at both transmitting and receiving ends
at 30 GHz, the measured receive power is 20 dB higher than that of the 3 GHz patch
antenna case.

12
FRIIS TRANSMISSION
EQUATION
 The key parameters characterizing the propagation properties of the mmWave bands, such as the
path loss exponent, are comparable to those of typical cellular frequency bands when transmit and
receive antennas are used to produce beamforming gains.
For instance, transmission links were established for a distance of up to 200–300 m with path loss
exponents in the range of 3.2–4.58 for NLoS and 1.68–2.3 for LoS environments, which are similar to
those measured in the traditional cellular bands.
Note that path loss exponents below 2 are frequently observed due to constructive addition of the
reflected and direct paths in street corridors or tunnels in LoS environments.

13
 KEY CHALLENGES
• In
Theindoor environments,
pathloss of mmWave although
signals
the penetration
is much higher thanlosses
that offor clear
Path Loss glass and dry
microwave wallsif are
signals, relatively
all other
Penetration • low
The for
conditions 28 GHz
including
transmit power signals,
the antenna
needs the
to
Loss • penetration
gains
A constant
increase thelosses
arewith same.
large for brickifgain
antenna
the bandwidth and
the
High Power tinted
within glass are high
the narrow
signal-to-noise for 28
main-lobe
ratio GHz
and
should
Consumptio
Narrow • signals
Due
zero to
remain (about
the high28
elsewhere.
intact. dB and
carrier 40 dB),
frequency,
Beam n
width • which
mmWave
However, is much higher
communication
in practice, thethan
systemsat
main-
Hardware As noise is directly proportional to
and Side- microwave
are
lobe more bands.
sensitive
bandwidth. not constant,
gain is to phase noise
and the
Impairment than conventional ones.
Lobes
s and side-lobe radiation is non-zero.
• Nonlinear power amplifiers,
Beam misalignment cannotsincebe
Design 14
 TECHNICAL POTENTIAL
Large Continuous Unused Bandwidth
• Compared to microwave communications, one of
the major benefits of mmWave communications
is the availability of large bandwidth, though
wider bandwidth does not always
Short Wavelength and Narrow Beam width lead to higher
rates in the noise-limited region.
• Contrary to signals at sub-6 GHz bands, the
• The potentially available bandwidth can be more
mmWave signal has much shorter wavelength,
than 150 GHz, even excluding unfavorable bands
which facilitates packing many antennas into an
such as the 60 GHz oxygen absorption band
array of compact size. This greatly expands the (57–
64 GHz) and the water vapor (H2O)
application range of large-scale antenna absorption
15
CONCLUSION
Despite of high potentials of providing multiple Gbps rates, many
technical challenges must be solved for mmWave communications
to become a mainstream technology in mobile networks.
In recent years, large efforts have made to tackle the various
challenges and many excellent results have been reported.

16
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