PREGNANCY /

GESTATION
Nutrion Associated Health Risks &
Concerns
• Weight Gain or Loss
TISSUES WEIGHT GAIN (POUNDS)
Fetus 7.5 lbs
Uterus 2 lbs
Placenta 1.5 lbs
Amniotic Fluid 2 lbs
Blood Volume 3 lbs
Extracellular Fluid Accretion 2 lbs
Breast 1 lbs
Fat 9 lbs
Total 28 lbs
• Additional 300 kcal – 1st tri
• Additional 400-500 kcal – 2nd tri & 3rd
Recommended Weight Gain
during Pregnancy
• UNDERWEIGHT
 Low-birth weight infants
 Preterm birth
 Miscarriage

• OVERWEIGHT / OBESE
 Hypertension
 Diabetes
 Infection
 Difficulty/Complication of labor & delivery
 Ceasarian Section
 Neural Tube defects (Spina Bifida, Anencephaly)
Toxemia – onset after 20th week
• Pre-eclampsia
- pregnancy-related condition characterized by high blood
pressure and signs of organ damage (kidney), edema
and proteinuria

• Eclampsia
- More severe condition where preeclampsia develops
seizures or coma
 Gestational Diabetes

 Constipation

 Repeated Pregnancies
As parity increases, nutrient intake decreases
Gestation in close interval depletes maternal nutrient
reserves
LACTATION
• Additional calories should be twice of the secreted milk
• Approximately 0.70 kcal per ml
• Conversion of food into milk protein is only about 50%;
thus, 2g of food protein is required to produced 1g of
milk protein
• Human milk contains 1.2g protein per 100ml
Nutrition requirements
 Calcium and phosporus - An increase of 0.5mg to the
normal allowance of Calcium and phosporus is needed
to prevent depletion of maternal reserves of (milk
production)
Vitamin D
Iron – additional intake is recommended for blood lost
during delivery
Vitamin C
Iodine – production of thyroid hormone for brain
development
“Breast Milk is the best food for the
baby.”
• Easily digested
• Economical
• Right temperature
• Free from harmful bacteria
• No allergy
• Has COLOSTRUM (initial milk), high in protein, acts as
laxative, contains antibodies which help resist infection
Factors Affecting Milk Secretion
• Diet
• Maternal Nutritional Status
• Emotional and Physical Status
• Suckling
• Use of Contraceptives and Medication/Drugs
INFANCY
• Person not more than 12 months of age
• A healthy full-term infant weights 2.7-3.2kg (6-7lbs)
• Measures 48-50cm (19-20inches) in length
• 120kcal/kg/day
• Requires balanced diet
• Water intake is not highly advised (0-5mos)
• 2.5 oz / kg
• 4-8 oz or 0.5-1 cup per day (6-12mos)
0-6mos (Breast/Formula Milk)
Signs your baby is ready for solid food:
•Can hold their head up and sit upright in a highchair
•Shows significant weight gain (doubled birth weight) and
weighs at least 13 pounds
•Can close their mouth around a spoon
•Can move food from the front to the back of their mouth
6-12mos
(Supplementary
Foods)
COMMON DISORDERS
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Allergy
• Constipation
Indication of Good Nutrition
• Weight gain
 150-240 g / week
 doubled birth weight at the end of 5mos
Tripled birth weight at 1 year

• Length
 increases by about 25.4cm or 50% more at the end of
1 year
CHILDHOOD (aged 1-12)
Key Facts:
Healthy eating in childhood reduces chance of developing health
problems as they get older.
Start to develop healthy eating habits
A healthy, balanced diet includes foods from 5 major food group:
 Fruits
 Vegetables
 Grains
 Proteins
 Dairy
Limit added sugar, salt, saturated fat
Simplified Food Groups
• Go – provide energy, primarily carbs
• Grow – building & repairing tissues, primarily protein
• Glow – provide vitamins & minerals, for overall health,
good skin & strong immune system
Types of Milk
• Breastmilk
• Cow Milk
 Whole Milk
 Reduced-Fat Milk 2%
 Skim Milk
 Lactose-Free Milk
• Plant-based milk
 Soy Milk
 Coconut Milk
Toddler (1-3)
***“No” Phase***
• Tips:
 Encourage Independence
 Establish Routine
 Rephrase request
 Offer Alternatives
 Explain and Encourage
 Make Fun Task
Pre-school (3-6)
• Diet should provide fuel for activity
• Diet must supply necessary chemical elements and
compounds that the child’s body require for building
materials and repairing worn-out tissues
• Diet needs to give pleasure and enjoyment
Feeding Problems
1. Eats too little
• Causes:
Picky eater
Lost appetite because of too much parental urging
Same foods everyday
• Remedy:
Go slow in adding new foods. Start meal with foods he likes
Serve less than what he will eat
Prepare simple dishes
2. Eats too much
• Causes
Hereditary
Temperament
Appetite
Parental insistence on a “clean plate”
• Remedy
Refrain from serving foods like cakes, pies, & ice cream
3. Dawdling
• Causes
 the child may be trying to get someone’s attention
May not be feeling well
May have been given portions which are too big
• Remedy:
Regular pedia check-up
Avoid fussing
Let the child enjoy
4. Gagging when fed coarse food
• Cause:
Lacks proper training in eating chopped foods
• Remedy
Encourage self-feeding
5. Aversion towards other foods
• Remedy
Mix fruits or vegetables with familiar food
6. Allergy
• Causes:
Chemicals
Food preservatives
• Remedy:
Proper preparation
Food Substitution
School-Age (6-12)
• Characterized by slow, steady growth, increased body
proportions, enhanced mental capabilities, more mind
and body coordination
Feeding Problems
1. Inadequate meal
 Cause
Nothing to eat
Being late
Preparation
2. Poor appetite
 Cause
School work
Confections & soft drinks
3. Sweet Tooth
AGE CALORIE/DAY
1-3 1000 KCAL
3-6 1200 KCAL
6-12 1400 KCAL
ADOLESCENT (13-19)
• Calorie Intake – male needs more 300kcal than female
of same age and weight
• Protein – nutritional requirements are high due to
accelerated growth and development secondary to
puberty
• Calcium – intense physical activity
• Iron – especially for women due to blood loss secondary
to menstruation
Eating Disorder
• Anorexia Nervosa – characterized by self-starvation and
weight loss resulting to unhealthy weight for height and
age driven by an intense fear of gaining weight or
becoming fat
• Bulimia – eating a large amount of food in a short period
of time without sense of control
Risk Factors of Eating Disorders
• Family History
• Mental Health Issue
• Dieting
• History of Trauma
• Stress