COMPUTER

GRAPHICS
UNIT 1

By- Komal S. Munde

 UNIT-1
BASICS OF
COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
 Hi
!
Welcome!
Are you
excited for a
fun learning
session?
 Unit
Outcomes
Differentiate attributes of given mode

Compare features of given scan display

Write a program to draw given type of

primitives using "C"

Describe the application of given display

Describe the application of given display

Convert given 2D coordinates to physical

coordinates
 What is Computer
Graphics ?
Computer Graphics is creating images, pictures, videos with
the help of
computers
It is one of the branch of Computer Science

It involves creation, manupulations and computation of data.

Algorithms and other techniques/hardware are used to

generate graphics in computer.
Advanced computer technologies have created scope for
various
appplications of Computer graphics.
 What is image and
Object ?
Image is graphical representation of real world object on
computer.

Object is an item in graphic, represented using 2D and 3D

coordinates

Real image of
elephant
 Pixe
l
Each screen point is called as pixel or pel (short form of
picture element)

It is smallest addressable point on display device.

It is smallest controllable element on display device We can

change the intensity, color, of individual pixel

 Pixe
l
Pixe
l
 Resolutio
n
The maximum number of points that can displayed on
screen without overlapping is called as resolution

It is total number of pixels in horizontal (M) and vertical

(N) directions

Resolution = M x N ex. 800x600, 640x480

Sharpness of image depends on resolution.

More the resolution higher the quality and sharpness of

image
M Resolutio
n
M = No. of pixels on
horizontal axis

N= No. of pixels on vertical

axis

N
Resolution = M x N
 Display
Modes
Text Mode Graphics Mode

Content is displayed as characters Generates images using pixels

Lines, characters etc are dawn
Screen is divided into rectangular using pixels
character cells
Each cell contains a character Variety of shapes and colors can
be drawn
Also known as character mode or
alphanumeric mode Screen is divided into pixels

80 characters per row x 25

characters per column
 Text Mode
Functions
Window( ) - creates window on screen

Syntax: window(top, left, right, bottom) Ex:

window(150,10,200,10)

gotoxy(x,y ) - positions cursor on x, y

coordinates Syntax: gotoxy(int x,int y)

Ex: gotoxy(42,80)

textcolor(x,y ) - Changes color of drawing text

Syntax: void textcolor(int color)
Ex: textcolor(BLUE) or textcolor(2)
 Text Mode
Functions
textbackground( ) - changes current background color of text

Syntax: void textbackground(int color) Ex:

textbackground(RED)

moveto(x,y ) - changes current position to x,y coordinate

position Syntax: void moveto(int x,int y)

Ex: moveto(10,20)

outtext(x,y,str) - displayes text or string at x, y position

Syntax: void outtextxy(int x,int y, char* str)
Ex: outtextxy(80,80,"welcome")
 Text Mode
Functions
dellline( ) - deletes cursor line and moves line up by one line

Syntax: void delline( ) Ex: delline()

Other simple functions:

putch(ch) - displays one character at a time clrscr() - clears
the consol escreen
puts(const char *s) - writes a string to standard output
(stdout)
 Graphics Mode
Functions
initgraph( ) - initializes the graphics system by loading graphics driver
from disk and putting the system in graphics mode

Syntax: void initgraph(int *graphdriver, int * graphmode, char* pathtodriver

graphdriver - specifies driver to be used graphmode - specifies

initial graphics mode

pathtodriver- specifies path or location to graphics driver

Ex: initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC\\BGI")

 Graphics Mode
Functions
closegraph( ) - deallocates all memory and restores screen to
previous
mode
Syntax: void closegraph( ) x1,y1 = 30,100

Ex: closegraph( )

line( ) - draws a line on screen

Syntax: void line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int x2,y2 = 70,80

y2 ) Ex: line( 30,100,70,80)

 Graphics Mode
x,y
Functions
lineto( ) - draws line from current position to x,y
position

Syntax: void lineto(int x, int y ) Ex: lineto(120,120)

current position

circle( ) - draws a circle on screen Syntax: void radiu

s
circle(x, y, radius )
x,y
Ex: circle(50,60,30)
 Graphics Mode
Functions
rectangle( ) - draws a rectangle from top
left to right bottom Syntax: void
rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int
bottom ) Ex: rectangle(20,20,60,60)
left,top = 20.20
ellipse( ) - draws
ellipse
Syntax: void ellipse(int x,int y,int
right,bottom=60,60
start_angle,int end_angle,in xradius,int
yradius ) angle

Ex: xradius
circle(50,60,30)
yradius
 Graphics Mode
Functions
drawpoly( ) - drawpoly function is used to draw polygons
120,120
like traingle,rectangle,pentagon,hexagon etc.

Syntax: void drawpoly(int num,int polypoints[ ] ) num = no.

of vertices + 1

polypoints[ ] = array or collection of polygon

points 60,60 160,160
Ex: int polypoints = {60,60,160,160,120,120,60,60}

drawpoly (4,polypoints)
 Graphics Mode
Functions
setcolor( ) - changes current drawing color

Syntax: void setcolor(int color) Ex: setcolor

(RED)

setfillstyle( ) - sets current color and fill

pattern

Syntax: void setfillstyle(int pattern, int color)

Ex: setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLUE)
 Graphics Mode
Functions
setlinestyle( ) - sets the style for drawing lines

Syntax: void setlinestyle(int linestyle,unsigned

pattern,int thickness )
Ex:
dotted
setlinestyle(2,0,0
line
)
fillpoly( ) - draws polygon and also fill color
in polygon

Syntax: void fillpoly(int num, int

polypoints[ ]) num = no. of vertices + 1

polypoints[ ] = array of polygon points Ex:

fillpoly(4,polypoints)
 Basic Graphics
Pipeline
It describes steps in a graphics system to convert 3D scene
to a 2D screen

It is the process of turning 3D model into what computer

displays

Applicatio Geometry Rasterizati

n on Scree
n

Fig: Basic Graphics

Pipeline
Classifi cation of Computer
Graphics

Bitmap
Vector
Graphics
based
Graphics
 Bitmap
Im ages are stored Graphics
Pix Also called as
and drawn as el raster graphics
series of pixels

bitm ap formats : Images

gif, depends on
jpeg,png,tiff,xmb,b resolution
mp,
Suitable for
complex Can't scale
easily
images

High processing Large file

speed size
Image editors:Painshop Pro, photoshop, M S paint,
Paint.NET
 Vector
Constructed using Graphics Mathematical formulas
mathematical describes shapes,color
formulas and placement

vector file Images don't

formats : depend on
svg ,eps,pdf, ai resolution
Suitable for images
with solid color Can be scaled
areas like logos easily

images have smooth Small file

edges size

Image editors:Adobe freehand, Affi nity designer,

coralDRAW etc.
 Applications of Computer
Graphics
Advanced computer technology have made various applications
of computer graphics possible like

Computer -Aided Design Education and

(CAD) Training

Presentation Graphics Visualization

Computer Art Image Processing

Entertainment Medicine
 Applications of Computer
Graphics
Computer Aided Design
(CAD)

CAD design of CAD design of

Spaceship machine
 Applications of Computer
Graphics
Presentation
Graphics

3D surface 3D bar
chart chart
 Applications of Computer
Graphics
Computer
Art

Computer
Painting Digital
Art
 Applications of Computer
Graphics
Entertainm
ent

Toy Story Good Dinosaur

Movie Movie
 Applications of Computer
Graphics
Education
Training

Pilot Tractor
Training Simulation
 Applications of Computer
Graphics
Visualizati
on

Time series Bacteria Protein

data Structure
 Applications of Computer
GraphicsImage
Processing

Image processing of MRI scan

brain machine
 Video Display Devices - Cathod
Ray Tube

Ref:
 Aspect
Ratio
It is property of video
monitors
Aspect Ratio No. of vertical points to draw same
= length line
No. of horizontal points to draw same length line
3 vertical dots for same length line

3
Aspect Ratio
=
5

5 horizontal
dots for
same length
 Cathod Ray Tube ( CRT ) - Raster Scan
Displays
Suitable for real
Electron beam is
scenes
m oved
top to bottom, one
time.
row at
Electron beam is
turned on/off to
create pattern of
spots
Picture defi nation is
stored in memory area Refreshing rate is 60
called refresh to 80
buffer/frame buffer frames per second or
interlaced refresh - hertz
scans one line and
 Cathod Ray Tube ( CRT ) - Random
Scan Display Also called as vector displays /
Electron beam is stroke / calliagraphic
writing
directed to only that displays
part of screen
where
draw picture is
n. Suitable for
Picture display is line drawing
stored as set of
line drawing Draws smooth
commands called line
as refresh display
file All lines of picture
drawn
Higher resolution
30 to 60 tim es per
second than raster scan
 Flat Panel
Displays
Thinner, less volume, weight and
volume

Em issive display :
convert Non-Emissive display : convert
sunlight
electrical energy to
light or other light to display
Pl a sma panel display
Liquid Crystal display (LCD)

LED display
 Flat Panel
Displays
Plasma Panel Displays

Basic design of plasma panel

device
 Flat Panel
Displays
Plasma Panel
Displays

Basic design of electroluminscent

device
 Flat Panel
Displays
Liquid Crystal Displays
(LCD)

Source:
Javapoint
 Flat Panel
Displays
Touch Panels

Screen selected using touch of finger. Three types of

touch panels
1. Optical Touch Panel
detecto
Has line of infrared LEDs along one rs
horizontal and one vertical edge.
Opposite end contains light

rs
to
ec
et
d
LED
detectors

s
When crossing beams are
interrupted, , position on screen is
identifiec by detectors LED
s
Infrared light not visible to eyes
 Flat Panel
Displays
Touch
Panels
2. Electrical Touch Panel conductive material
plate
Contains two transparent
plates
separated by small distance

One plate coated with conductive

material

Other plate coated with

material.
resistive/oppose
Outer plate touches inner plate and
voltage drops accross resistive plate
resistive material
and we get
selelcted screen plate
position
 Flat Panel
Displays
Touch Panels
3. Acoustical (Sound) Touch Panel sound
waves
Sound waves are generated in
horizontal and vertical directions in
glass plate

rs
te
it
m
e
When screen is touched, waves get
reflected from fi ngers to emitters

Screen position is caculated from time

between emitte
transmission and reflection to emitter rs
High frequency sound is
used
 Ouput
Primitives
What is ouput primitives ?
They are basic geometric diagrams used to draw a
scene

Basic geometric diagrams are grouped to draw

complex
Examplesscene
of basic output
primitives Points Spline curves and
Straight lines Circles surfaces Polygon
Conic section and surfaces color areas

Quadric surfaces Character strings

 Ouput
Primitives
Point
setPixel(x,y) and putpixel() functions set color of pixel at
x, yosition.

Syntax : setPixel(int x,int y,int color), putpixel(int x,int

y,int color) Ex: setPixel(30,60,BLUE),putpixel(60,40,RED)

getpixe() function returns color of pixel at x, y position

Syntax : int getpixel(int x, int y)

Ex: int color = getpixel(70,80)

 Ouput
Primitives
Text
setTextColor() function is changes color
of text.

Syntax : setTextColor(hdc,RGB_value)
Ex: setTextColor(hDC,RGB(255,0,0))

setTextAlign() is used to align the text.

Syntax : setTextAign(int align)

Ex. setTextAlign(2) // aligns text at

center
 Ouput
Primitives
Marker
Marker symbol is single character displayed in diff erent
color and size setM arkerType(m t) - set m arker sym bol

polymaker() - draws figure with marker symbol

already set Syntax : polymarker(n, wcPoints)

n = no. of points

wcPoints = array of coordinate position.

 Attributed of Ouput
Primitives
Text - font or typeface, color, alignment, space,
height etc.

Marker- size,color,type

Line - type, width, color Curve - type, width,

color

Various functions are available to change these

attributes
 Graphics
Standards
Standards are required so that software moves easily from one
hardware system to another (portability)

Graphical Kernel System (GKS) - two dimensional and three

dimensional
graphics package

Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard

(PHIGS) - increasd capability for object modelling, color, picture,
surface manipulation

Computer Graphics Interface (CGI) - standards for device

interface.

Computer Graphics Metafi le (MGM) - standards for storing and

transporting pictures
 Recent Trends in Computer
GraphicsVirtual Reality ( VR)
Uses computer technology to create simulated / real like
environment

Immersive VR - As if physicall present in non-physical world,

simulates as
many senses as possible

Non - immersive : Computer generated environment without

feeling of present in virtual world

Semi - immersive VR : Virtual three dimesional

environment while remain connected to real world
surroundings through senses.
 Recent Trends in Computer
Graphics Virtual Reality ( VR)
Devices used in VR - Joysticks, force Balls/Tracking balls, controller
wands, data gloves, trackpads, On-device control, buttons,
motion trackers, bodysuits, treadmills and motion platforms,VR
headsets, head mounted display

Applications of Virtual
Reality Sport Entertainment
Mental health Scientific

Medical training Visualization

Education Construction

Military etc.
Recent Trends in Computer
Graphics Virtual Reality
( VR)

Examples of Virtual
Reality
 Recent Trends in Computer
Graphics
Augmented Reality ( VR)

It is interactive environment where real world objects are

improved by computer generated information

Combination of real and virtual world, real time interaction ,

3D real and virtual objects

VR is completely based on virtual information and AR is

provided with
additional computer generated information that improves
reality
Recent Trends in Computer
Graphics
Augmented Reality
( AR)

Examples of Augmented
Reality
 Computer Graphics Progam
in C
Functions and files required for writing basic c program

void initgraph( ) - This function is compulsory. It is written at

beginning of program, we enter into graphics mode by this
function.

Ex: initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TURBOC3\\BGI");

closegraph() - This function is compulsory and written at end of

program.It closes the graphics mode bring back to previous
mode.

Ex: closegraph();

graphics.h - this is header file and compulsory required in

program. It contains
simple graphic functions
 How To Write Graphics Progam
in C ?
Open TURBOC software

Open a new file in TURBOC

Write \ edit c program.

Save the program \ file with .c extension in TURBOC like

filename.c Compile (check errors ) the program, click on

compile button in TURBOC

If no errors click run the program , click on run button in

TURBOC

You will get the graphics ouput on screen

 Simple Graphics Progam
in C
#include <graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h> void main()
{
int gd = DETECT, gm; int x =100,
y= 150; int radius = 90;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\
TURBOC3\\BGI");
setcolor(YELLOW);
circle(x,y,radius);
rectangle(150,150,,300,300);
line(50,50,200,200);
getch(); closegraph();
}
Output of C
Program
Activity
Time
Programming
Assignment Survey
Peer to Peer teaching
Supplemental Video

https://nptel.ac.in/
courses/1
06/102/106102065/
Additional
Resources
https://MIT ADT University,
Loni Kalbhor Pune,
412201www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_graphics

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/102/106102065

Computer Graphics - Donald Hearn, Baker M Pauline,

Pearson Education
Summary of
Class
Lesson Lesson Lesson
Recap 1 Recap 2 Recap 3
Different Scan Display Computer
Graphics mode Graphics
Lesson Recap Lesson programming in
4 Recap 5 c

Applications of Virtual Reality

display devices and Augmented
Reality
Thank you for
attending!