INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING, KURNOOL
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
SUBJECT: MACHINE DRAWING AND MANUFACTURABILITY COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. VIPINDAS K.
Screwed Fastners-1
Common mistakes committed in previous Two class works
Insufficient Title block details
Title
Angle of projection, Scale, Sheet number
Note: No need for a title block on both sides of the sheet, Only borders need to be done
Overlapping dimensioning (not following uniformity in lettering)
Missing naming and numbering for drawings
Incomplete details of the main object features
Not following the variation between the Main object and the dimension lines
Lack of utilisation of construction lines for orthographic projections
Not mentioning “ ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM” on title block
Sectional Views:
Sectional view is obtained by imagining the object, as if cut by a cutting plane and the portion between the observer
and the section plane being removed.
Orthographic views when carefully selected, may reveal the external features of even the most complicated objects.
However, there are objects with complicated interior details and when represented by hidden lines, may not
effectively reveal the true interior details. This may be overcome by representing one or more of the views ‘in
section’. Types of Sectional Views:
Full sectional view Half sectional view
Auxiliary sectional view
SCREWED FASTENERS
• Joining processes
• Types of joints
• Screwed fasteners
• Screwed fasteners occupy the most prominent place among the removable fasteners. In general, screwed fasteners
are used: (i) to hold parts together, (ii) to adjust parts with reference to each other and (iii) to transmit power.
SCREW THREAD NOMENCLATURE:
SCREWED FASTENERS
1. Major (nominal) diameter: This is the largest diameter of a screw thread, touching the crests on an
external thread or the roots of an internal thread.
2. Minor (core) diameter: This is the smallest diameter of a screw thread, touching the roots or core of an
external thread (Root or core diameter) or the crests of an internal thread.
3. Pitch diameter: This is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder, passing through the threads at the points
where the thread width is equal to the space between the threads.
4. Pitch: It is the distance measured parallel to the axis, between corresponding points on adjacent screw
threads.
5. Lead: It is the distance a screw advances axially in one turn.
6. Flank: Flank is the straight portion of the surface, on either side of the screw thread.
7. Crest: It is the peak edge of a screw thread, that connects the adjacent flanks at the top.
8. Root: It is the bottom edge of the thread that connects the adjacent flanks at the bottom.
9. Thread angle: This is the angle included between the flanks of the thread, measured in an axial plane.
Forms of threads:
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) adapts ISO (International Organisation for Standards) metric threads which are adopted by
a number of countries apart from India.
P = Pitch, d3 = d2 – 2 (H/2 – H/6)
H = 0.86 P = d – 1.22P
D = d = Major diameter, H1 = (D – D1)/2 = 5H/8 = 0.54P
D2 = d2 = d – 0.75H, h3 = (d – d3)/2 = 17/24, H = 0.61P
D1 = d2 – 2(H/2 – H/4) = d – 2H1 R = H/6 = 0.14P
V-Thread:
This thread profile has a larger contact area, providing more frictional resistance to motion. Hence, it is used where
effective positioning is required. It is also used in brass pipe work.
British Standard Whitworth (B.S.W. Thread):
This thread form is adopted in Britain in inch units. The profile has rounded ends, making it less liable to damage
than a sharp V-thread.
Buttress Thread:
This thread is a combination of V and square threads. It exhibits the advantages of square thread, like the ability to
transmit power and low frictional resistance, with the strength of the V-thread. It is used where power transmission
takes place in one direction only such as screw press, quick acting carpenter’s vice, etc.
P=30 mm
Figure: Thread profiles
P=30 mm
Square Thread:
Square thread is an ideal thread form for power transmission. In this, as the thread flank is at right angle to the axis, the normal
force between the threads, acts parallel to the axis, with zero radial component. This enables the nut to transmit very high
pressures, as in the case of a screw jack and other similar applications.
ACME Thread:
It is a modified form of square thread. It is much stronger than square thread because of the wider base and it is easy to cut. The
inclined sides of the thread facilitate quick and easy engagement and disengagement as for example, the split nut with the lead
screw of a lathe.
Worm Thread:
Worm thread is similar to the ACME thread, but is deeper. It is used on shafts to carry power to worm wheels.
Figure: Thread profiles
THREAD DESIGNATION:
SQ 40 × 10 – SQUARE thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 10 mm
ACME 40 × 8 – ACME thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 8 mm
WORM 40 × 10 – WORM thread of nominal diameter 40 mm and pitch 10 mm
MULTI START THREADS:
RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND THREADS:
Figure: Right hand and left-hand threads
REPRESENTATION OF THREADS:
D=30 mm
BOLTED JOINT
For nuts, hexagonal shape is preferred to the square one, as it is easy to tighten even in a limited space.
This is because, with only one-sixth of a turn, the spanner can be re-introduced in the same position.
However, square nuts are used when frequent loosening and tightening are required, for example on job-
holding devices like vices, tool posts in machines, etc. The sharp corners on the head of bolts and nuts are
removed by chamfering.
Figure: Bolted Joint
Methods of drawing hexagonal (bolt head) nut:
Procedure:
1. Draw the view from above by drawing a circle of diameter, W and describe a regular hexagon on it, by keeping any two parallel sides of the hexagon, horizontal.
2. Project the view from the front, and the view from side, and mark the height equal to D.
3. With radius R, draw the chamfer arc 2-1-3 passing through the point 1 in the front face.
4. Mark points 4 and 5, lying in-line with 2 and 3.
5. Locate points 8,9 on the top surface, by projecting from the view from above.
6. Draw the chamfers 4–8 and 5–9.
7. Locate points 6 and 7, lying at the middle of the outer two faces.
8. Draw circular arcs passing through the points 4, 6, 2 and 3, 7, 5, after determining the radius R 1 geometrically.
9. Project the view from the side and locate points 10, 11 and 12.
10. Mark points 13 and 14, lying at the middle of the two faces (view from the side).
11. Draw circular arcs passing through the points 10, 13, 11 and 11, 14, 12, after determining the radius R 2 geometrically.
It may be noted that in the view from the front, the upper outer corners appear chamfered. In the view from the side, where only two faces are seen, the corners appear
square.
Methods of drawing hexagonal (bolt head) nut:
D=30 mm
BOLT AND NUT WITH WASHER:
D=30 mm
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING, KURNOOL
OTHER TYPES OF BOLTS: DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
SUBJECT: MACHINE DRAWING AND MANUFACTURABILITY COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Dr. VIPINDAS K.
D=30 mm
Square headed bolt with square neck T-headed bolt
Hook bolt Eye Bolt
Figure 5.18,5.19,5.20,5.21
Assignment Diagrams: Thread profiles, Square headed bolt, Hexagonal headed bolt
with washer, Other types of Bolts
THANK YOU
