Reading and

Writing
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Lesson 1 Text
as Connected
Discourse
Which came First?
"Reading" is the
process of looking
at a series of
written symbols
and getting
Process which in Involve in Reading
Why do you
read?
1. To develop a board
background
2. To anticipate and predict
3. To create motivation and
interest
4. To build a good vocabulary
5. For pleasure and
enjoyment
Benefits of Reading
● Reduces stress and helps you relax. ...
● Improves your concentration and
memory. ...
● Vocabulary expansion and strengthens
your writing abilities. ...
● Enhances your knowledge. ...
● Increases your imagination and
creativity.
"Writing" is the process
of using symbols
(letters of the alphabet,
punctuation and
spaces) to
communicate thoughts
and ideas in a readable
Why do we
write?
1. express
2. describe
3. explore and learn
4. Inform
Text is derived from
Latin word texere,
which means to weave,
while discourse comes
from Latin word
discursus, which
denotes conversation
speech.
Other definition of text:
1.Merriam Webster defines text
as a piece of writing or speech
or the main body of a printed or
written matter on a page while
discourse is defined as the use
of words to exchange thoughts
and ideas.
2.Crystal (1992:72) defines text
as a piece of naturally occurring
spoken, written, or signed
discourse identified for purpose
What is discourse?

1.It refers to a unit of language longer

than a single sentence. The word is
derived from what language? Latin dis
– means away and rout word currere
meaning to run.
2.Discourse therefore translate to “run
away” and refers to the way that
conversation flow.
3.Discourse is a system of thoughts
composed of ideas of action, belief
and practices that systematically
construct the subjects and the world
1.Merriam Webster defines
discourse as a long talk of
piece of writing about a
subject.
2.Crystal (1992:72) defines
discourse as a continuous
strethy of language larger
than a sentence, often
constituting a coherent unit
Text or Discourse?
EXAMPLE OF A TEXT
Connected Discourse or
connected speech in
linguistics is a continuous
sequence of sounds forming
utterances or conversations
in spoken language.
COHERENCE is about how sentence
are arranged and are connected so
that the information or points are
properly understood
Ex. Please speak softly so that John
may hear you.
Analysis:
Please speak softly or John may hear
you.
Please speak softly so that John may
not hear you.
Please speak softly for that John may
hear you.
Parallelism shows equal
grammatical structure or
pattern to clearly express ideas
which are given in a series.

1. Balance use of
words
2. Balance use of
phrases
3. Balance use of
●Balance Use of Words
■My friend is honest,
sincere, and humble.
●Balance Use of Phrases
■Seeing a ghost is believing
in a ghost.
●Balance Use of Clauses
■The applicant was told that
he got the job and that he
could start the next day.
Example of how elements in a texts are
unified.
1.Sentence 1
●I have been to many places in
the Philippines.
2.Sentence 2
●I have already gone to
Palawan, Davao, Cebu, and
among others.
3.Combined Sentence
●I have been to many places
in the Philippines. For
example, I have already
gone to Palawan, Davao,
Parallelism is an act of
grammatical balancing.
When two or more ideas are
parallel, they are more
easily understood. For
instance, single words
should be balanced with the
single words, phrases with
phrases, an clauses with
clauses.
Examples 1

After taking an
accounting class, Laura
learned that the most
important things in
finance are balancing
accounts, checking
account balances, and
Example 2

Many of the state

universities in Metro
Manila are raising
enrollment numbers
and increase tuition
fees for students from
BOARDWORK:

1. Mary enjoys hiking, bicycling,

and to go swimming.
2. While in English class, we
learned to read poems critically,
to answer questions thoughtfully,
and we appreciated literature.
3. By incorporating online
resources, by creating a class
chat room, and asking students to
create and edit informative
4. Michael excelled at clarifying
complex points in his essay and
used outlines to map those
points.
5. The production manager was
asked to write his report quickly,
thoroughly, and to be accurate.
6. Ashley said she wanted to be a
dancer, a singer, and to paint.
7. The teacher's lessons focused
on clarifying, illuminating, and
SEATWORK:

CHOOSE THE
CORRECT
TRANSITIONAL
WORDS TO
COMPLETE EACH
SENTENCE.
1. (Because, Before) it was raining,
I didn’t walk my dog this evening.
2. You are always late. (On the
other hand, Like), you can be
trusted.
3. Johann eats five meals a day (as
a result, despite this) he never
gains weight.
4. I live to go to the opera; (in fact,
even though), it's my favorite type
of entertainment.
5. (Although, Even though) there
SEATWORK
Rewrite the following sentence to make
sentence elements parallel.
1. Kath has been a waitress, a tour
guide and taught in high school
2. This month I need to write a thesis,
do a report and poem.
3. Achieving a post graduate degree is
neither cheap nor will it be easy.
4. Tomorrow, I want to be watching
movie and eat lunch with Tania.
5. Martha likes reading the classic
novels and to listen to radio.
 Lesson 2
Techniques in
Organizing
Information
A. Brainstorming is a group of creativity
technique by which efforts are made to
find conclusion for a specific problem
by gathering a list of ideas
spontaneously contributed by its
members.
Ways:
1.Cubing
2.Free Writing
3.Listing
4.Mapping
CUBING

is a creative thinking strategy

where you explore a topic from six
different angles, just like a cube
has six sides.

a technique used to develop ideas

in more depth. It helps students or
writers look at a topic in multiple
ways, which encourages critical
thinking, creative expression, and
deeper understanding.
CUBING
Short Passage:

"Every day, Mia walked past the old library

at the edge of town. Its windows were
broken, and vines crawled up the brick walls
like silent invaders. Most people avoided it,
but Mia felt drawn to the place as if the
building whispered stories no one else
could hear. One day, curiosity won. She
stepped through the creaking door and into
the dusty shadows, not knowing what she
would find, only that it would change her."
1. Describe it
What does the passage say? What
details stand out?
2. Compare it
How is this setting or situation
similar to or different from places
or stories you’ve read?
3. Associate it
What does it remind you of
(books, movies, feelings,
experiences)?
4. Analyze it
Why might Mia be drawn to the library?
What do the broken windows and vines
symbolize?
5. Apply it
How might this passage relate to real
life—curiosity, facing the unknown, or
exploring hidden truths?
6. Argue for or against it
Do you think Mia made the right
decision to enter the library? Why or
why not?Would you like this in a
printable worksheet format or with
space for student responses?
FREE WRITING
LISTING
MAPPING
B. Graphic Organizers, also
known as knowledge map,
concept
1. \ map, story map,
cognitive organizers, advance
organizers, or concepts
diagrams, is a communication
tool that uses visual symbols to
express knowledge, concepts,
thoughts, or ideas and
relationship between them.
1.Concept map
2.Webs
3.Mind Maps
4.Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart
5.Venn Diagram
6.Organizational Chart
7.Pie Chart
8.Graph (Line Graph and Bar Graph)
9.Table
1. Concept map
A diagram that shows relationships
between ideas, often using linking
words to connect them.
2. Webs
tool that starts with a main idea in the
center and connects related ideas
around it like a spider web.
3. Mind Maps
to organize information, starting with a
central idea and branching out into
categories and subtopics.
4. Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart
A step-by-step diagram that shows the
order or process of events or actions.
5. Venn Diagram
A chart made of overlapping circles
used to compare and contrast two or
more items.
6. Organizational Chart
A diagram that shows the structure of
an organization or group, including
roles and relationships.
7. Pie Chart
A circular graph divided into slices to
show proportions or percentages of a
whole.8.
8. Graph (Line Graph and Bar
Graph)Line Graph: Shows trends or
changes over time using points
connected by lines.
Bar Graph: Uses rectangular bars to
compare different categories or
amounts.
9. Table
A way to organize data in rows and
columns for easy comparison and
1. Concept Map
Webs
Mind Map
Flow Diagram
Venn Diagram
Organizational Chart
Pie Chart
Graph
Line
C. Outline is the general plan of what
you intend to write.

1.Number-Letter
Format
2.Decimal Outline
Format
Worksheet

1. What is a graphic
organizer?
2. What are its types?
Enumerate five.
●Type:
●Description:
Below is a concept Map. Write as many
ideas you can think of two complete the
blank spaces.
 Lesson 3
Patterns in
Development
in Writing
 GRAPHIC
ORGANIZERS
HOW WOULD YOU
DESCRIBE YOUR
IDEAL PERSON?
1. Development by Description

Description is the most

commonly Used method of
writing a paragraph. Its
purpose is to present an
image or a picture. The
writer should use adjective
that will be able the reader to
imagine what the writer has
seen, felt, or has
experienced.
 HOW WOULD
YOU DESCRIBE
YOUR
GIRLFRIEND?
1.Be alert with your senses
2.Decide which single impression you will
emphasize
3.Select details that will help convey the
desired description
4.Put thing first
5.Be brief but accurate
6.Use vivid, specific words
7.Use comparisons
8.Use transitional devices and phrases.
2. Development by Narration
A narrative is the most difficult to write
compared to other types of paragraph
development.
1.Know what to write
2.Develop a strong topic sentence
3.Choose your materials
4.Organize the events
5.Consider your audience
6.Use dialogue
7.Use figurative language
8.Use narrative details
EXAMPLE
The idea for this book was born one night after
a grueling conversation with my then eleven-
year-old son. He had come home from his
progressive middle school unnaturally quiet
and withdrawn, shrugging off my questions of
concern with uncharacteristic irritability. Where
was the sunny, chatty boy I dropped off that
morning? What had befallen him in the
perilous halls of middle school? I backed off
but kept a close eye on him, watching for
clues.
3. Development by Comparison and
Contrast
Comparison means explaining how a
thing is similar to another; contrast
explains what a thing is not like.
1. Things compared should belong to the same class
2. Comparison should be based on the same set
measurement – both items in the comparison must
be measured by the same yardstick.
3. Dangling comparison should be avoided.
4. Use comparative degree in comparing two persons,
places, or things.
5. The superlative used for emphasis only when no
comparison is intended, especially, in a formal and
informal speech.
like, similar to, also, unlike,
similarly, in the same way,
likewise, again, compared to, in
contrast, in like manner,
contrasted with, on the contrary,
however, although, yet, even
though, still, but, nevertheless,
conversely, at the same time,
regardless, despite, while, on the
one hand … on the other hand.
Private School vs. Public School
“Deciding whether to send a child to public or private
school can be a tough choice for parents. … Data on
whether public or private education is better can be
challenging to find and difficult to understand, and the
cost of private school can be daunting. … According
to the most recent data from the National Center for
Education Statistics, public schools still attract far
more students than private schools, with 50.7 million
students attending public school as of 2018. Private
school enrollment in the fall of 2017 was 5.7 million
students, a number that is down from 6 million in
1999.”
HOW DO YOU
DEFINE LOVE?
4. Development by Definition

This method gives a

satisfaction in
explanation of the
meaning of a word and
may point out the
special limitation of its
meaning.
Good families prize their rituals. Nothing
welds a family more than these. Rituals are
vital especially for clans without histories
because they evoke a past, imply a future,
and hint at continuity. No line in the seder
service at Passover reassures more than the
last: “Next year in Jerusalem!” A clan
becomes more of a clan each time it gathers
to observe a fixed ritual (Christmas,
birthdays, Thanksgiving, and so on), grieves
at a funeral (anyone may come to most
funerals; those who do declare their
tribalness), and devises a new rite of its own.
Equinox breakfasts can be at least as
welding as Memorial Day parades.
Several of my colleagues and I used
to meet for lunch every Pearl Harbor
Day, preferably to eat some
politically neutral fare like
smorgasbord, to “forgive” our only
ancestrally Japanese friend, Irene
Kubota Neves. For that and other
things we became, and remain, a sort
of family.
5. Development by Classification

It is the act of locating a specimen of all

the different kinds of object which
possesses a given characteristics.
1.Classification places related items into
categories or groups.
2.Only plural subjects can be classifies.
3.The categories should be coordinated,
parallel and must be in the same rank
in grammatical form and in content.
4.The categories must not overlap.
SIGNAL WORDS:

● ANOTHER
● ANOTHER KINDS
● CLASSIFIED AS
● FINAL TYPE
● ONE KIND
● THE FIRST
● CATEGORY
● THE LAST GROUP
● THE NEXT PART
GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. WHAT ARE ITS PARTS

AND TYPES?
2. HOW TO SEPARATE?
3. IN WHAT CATEGORIES
AN ITS PARTS OR TYPES
CAN BE ARRANGED?
There are four different types of
earthquakes: tectonic, volcanic, collapse
and explosion. A tectonic earthquake is
one that occurs when the earth's crust
breaks due to geological forces on rocks
and adjoining plates that cause physical
and chemical changes.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSE OF
GLOBAL WARMING?
WHAT ARE ITS EFFECT?
6. Development by
Cause and Effect
It is suitable for
argumentation,
exposition and narration.
7. Development by Analogy
Analogy points out
similarity or differences
between things. It shows
point by point comparison of
two things from different
classes but bearing
fundamental similarities.
8. Development by
Question and Answer
This is used for
argumentation and
explanations.
8. Development by
Question and Answer
This is used for
argumentation and
explanations.
9. Development by
Example
10. Development by
Process Analysis
This paragraph is
concerned with HOW
topics.
11. Development by
Problem and Solution
Worksheet

Create an essay and

apply the pattern of
development that
you have learned in
the lesson. You may
choose any topic.
 Lesson 4
Properties of
a Well Written
Text
A. Organization

A well organization helps to

ensure that the writer is able to
effectively communicate thru
clear and logical pattern what
ideas s/he wants to impart to his
or her readers.
• Chronological pattern
• Spatial
• Topical
B. Coherence and
cohesion
C. Language Use
Diction is defined as
the way in which words
are used in speech or in
writing.
D. Mechanics

1.Subject verb
agreement
2.Tense
3.Voice of the verb
4.Capitalization
5.Punctuation mark
6.Writing numbers
Worksheet

1.Define and
differentiate
coherence and
cohesion.
Lesson 5 Critical
Reading as
Looking for Ways
of Thinking
Critical thinking as an extension of
critical thinking.
1.Critical reading is engaging yourself
in a text or any material that you are
reading. CRITICAL means to express
criticism or disapproval about
something like a book, movie or piece
of art, etc.
2.Critical thinking is more engaging
about what the author or writer is trying
to tell you in his/her writing, or being
focused on the intention or the
argument being presented in the
material.
3.Critical thinking is the ability to think
clearly and rationally, and the ability to
Critical Thinker possesses the
following.
1.Understand the relation of one idea to
another
2.Determined and relevance of ideas and
argument
3.Recognizes, builds and appraise
arguments
4.Identifies inconsistencies and errors in
reasoning
5.Approaches problems in a consistent
and systematic way
6.Reflects on the justification for his own
assumptions, belief, and values
Critical reading strategies

1. Annotating
2. Contextual reading
3. Outlining
4. Summarizing
5. Paraphrasing
6. Comparing and contrasting
7. Evaluating an argument
8. Reflecting on challenges to your belief and
values
9. Looking for patterns of opposition
10.Judging the writer’s credibility
11.Exploring the figurative language
12.Recognizing emotional manipulation
SQ3R

1.Survey means to browse nooks to

identify headings and other features
of the text.
2.Question to formulate questions
about the text
3.Read is to begin the reading of the
material
4.Recite is to answer the questions that
have been formulated in Q
5.Review is by recalling the information
the student has learned.
Explicit and Implicit Information

1.Explicit is a term which means

fully revealed or expressed that
there is no room for any confusion
on the writer.
2.Implicit is the opposite of explicit.
The idea is not openly stated and
is suggested or implied.
3.Inference is a conclusion or
opinion formed or based on both
information or evidence and
reasoning.
Claims in a Text

1.Claim is an assertion or a
declaration or an affirmation.
2.Fact is a true piece of
information, something that
truly exists or happens.
3.Opinion is a belief, a viewpoint
or a way of thinking about
something.
Three Types of Claims

1.Claim of Fact
2.Claim of
Value
3.Claim of
Policy
 Lesson 6
Critical
Reading as
Reasoning
Evaluative Statement or Essays
present a value judgement based on a set
of criteria.

Three parts of
evaluative essay
1.The judgement
2.The criteria
3.The evidence
Main Components of an Evaluative
Essay

1.Introduction
2.Background
Information
3.Criteria
4.Conclusion
Steps in Writing an Evaluative Essay

1.Choose a topic that you have enough

knowledge about.
2.Formulate the thesis.
3.Think of the conditions that you are
going to use to make the judgment.
4.Find supporting evidence to prove
your point of view.
5.Prepare a rough draft; organize the
criteria and evidence found.
6.Follow classic structure: introduction,
main body, and conclusion.
 Lesson 7
Determining
Textual
Evidence
Textual Evidence is an
evidence in a text,
whether fiction or
nonfiction, that a reader
can use to illustrate his or
her ideas and support his
or her claim or evidence.
Types of Textual Evidence

1. Referencing
It is the act of mentioning someone or
something like an event or action in a text.
2. Paraphrasing
An act of explaining an author’s or
someone else’s work in your own words
without losing the original idea of the text.
3. Summarizing
It is stating the essential ideas together
in fewer words.
4. Quoting
It is using the exact words from the
original text.
Tips in Using Text to Illustrate your
Point

1.Make that the authoritative

information that you use is accurate
and relevant to your point.
2.Integrate direct quotes into the
language of your own writing.
3.Always cite the text and authors
you are using to avoid committing
plagiarism.
4.Connect or relate your evidence to
your claim.
5.Choose the type that would