HUMAN
REPRODUCTION
PREPARED BY :-
--Limbachiya
raksha
INTRODUCTION:-
Human reproduction is any form of
sexual reproduction resulting in
human fertilization.
It typically involves sexual intercourse
between a male and female.
During intercourse reproductive
system results in fertilization of the
women’s ovum by the man’s sperm.
It include :-
1) Female reproductive organ
2) Male reproductive organ
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN
Classification of female reproductive
organs:-
A) External Genital Organs ( Vulva )
B) Internal Genital Organs
C) Accessory Reproductive Organs
A) VULVA OR EXTERNAL GENITAL
ORGANS
Vulva includes :-
1) Mons Pubis
2) Labia Majora ( Greater Lips )
3) Labia Minora ( Lesser Lips )
4) Clitoris
5) Urinary opening
6) Vaginal opening
7) Hymen
8) Bartholin’s duct ( Vestibular gland )
9) Skene’s gland (Lesser vestibular gland )
10) Perineum
11) Anus
1) MONS PUBIS
It is the pad of subcutaneous
adipose connective tissue lying in
front of the pubis and in adult
female is covered by hairs.
2) LABIA MAJORA
The Vulva is bounded on each side by the
elevation of skin devoid of fats &
subcutaneous tissue which form the labia
majora.
Also known as “greater lips”
The inner surface of labia majora are hair
less. Length - 7.5 cm
3) LABIA MINORA
Labia minora covered by the
labia majora.
Also known as “lesser lips”
They do not contain hair
follicles.
Labia minora enclosed the
clitoris.
4) CLITORIS
Clitoris corresponds to penis in male.
It located anterior part of the vagina.
It is small pea-shaped structure.
It is extremely sensitive & highly
vascular & important part of the sexual
intercourse.
5) URETHRAL OPENING
It is situated in the midline just
in front of vaginal opening about
1 to 1.5 cm below the clitoris.
6) VAGINAL OPENING
It is varying the opening is closed by
labia minora.
Function:-
- Birth canal
- Sexual transmission
- Mc pass
7) HYMEN :-
It is the vaginal orifice is
incompletely closed by a septum
of mucous membrane.
It usually ruptured at cycling,
swimming, exercise & 1st
intercourse
8) BARTHOLIN’S DUCT OR
(VESTIBULAR
GLAND)
There are 2 Bartholin’s duct, one on each side.
Function :-
During sexual excitement ,it secretes alkaline
mucus it help in lubrication.
Color :-
Yellowish white in color.
Location:-
It located posterior and to the left and right of
opening of the vagina.
9) SKENE’S GLAND
Also known as lesser vestibular gland
Location :-
Two gland located on either side of the
urethra .
Function :-
it is secrete a substance to lubricance when
you pee.
Help in sexual and urinary health.
Help to stop spread of bacteria and prevent
UTI.
It act like antimicrobial.
10) PERINEUM
Place between Genital organ to the anal
canal.
Triangular shape.
During 2nd stage of labour it become thin
& stretched making it able to tear.
B) INTERNAL GENITAL ORGAN
It include
1) Vagina
2) Uterus
3) Fallopian Tubes
4) Ovaries
1) VAGINA
The vagina is a fibro-muscular
membranous sheath communicating
the uterine cavity with the exterior at
vulva.
It is a muscular tube.
The diameter of canal is about 2.5
cm.
Vaginal PH = 4 to 5
Blood supplies :- Uterine artery and
vaginal artery
FUNCTION:-
Vaginal constitutes the excretory
channel for the secretion
&menstrual blood.
It form the birth canal.
It is the organ of copulation (sexual
intercourse)
2) THE UTERUS
Definition:-
“ The uterus is hollow muscular organ situated in the
pelvis between the bladder behind and infront of rectum. It
communicate below with the vagina & above the Fallopian
tube.
Position :- Ante flexed(170 degree) and ante verted (90
degree)
Shape :- Pear shape
Blood supply :- uterain artery
Nerve supply:- Sympathetic and pera sympathetic nerves
Pacemaker of uterus :- Tubal ostia or Cornea of uterus
ABNORMAL POSITION OF
UTERUS :-
MEASUREMENT:-
Length – 7.5 to 8 cm
Wide – 5 cm
Thickness – 2.5 cm
Weight – 50 to 80 gms
Part’s:-
1) Fundus
2) Body
3) cervix
1) FUNDUS
It is a dome shaped part of the uterus.
2) Body
It include 3 layer ;
i) Perimetrium ( Outer layer )
ii) Myometrium ( Middle layer )
- Thickest layer
iii) Endometium ( Inner layer )
- During pregnancy it converted in decidua.
i) Perimetrium
The perimetrium covers various surface of the
uterus
Anterior it extends over the fundus and body.
Posterior it extends over the fundus body and
cervix
ii) Myometrium
This is the thickest layer of the uterus
It is made up of smooth muscles , vessels and
nerves .
iii) Endometium
It consist of colummar epithilium tisuue
It divided 2 layer
1) Functionla layer
2) Basalis layer
1) Functionla layer
It is the upper and thick layer
It made up of blood vessels in the First
half of menstrual cycle
If the ovum is not fertilized and does not
implant this layer is shed out/ lost during
Mc .
2) Basalis layer
It lies next or the myometrium
It is not lost during Mc
The functional layer is regenerate by
Basalis layer
3) CERVIX
It composed mainly of fibrous
connective tissue.
shape:- cylindrical
length :- 2.5 cm
There are 2 constricted area
- External orifice ( near by vagina )
- Internal orifice ( near by isthmus )
FUNCTION :-
It help to regular menstrual cycle.
Uterus is to retain the fertilized ovum
during development.
During pregnancy the uterus increased
in size ,it’s walls become thinner but
stronger & it rises out of pelvis in to
abdominal cavity as a fetus grows.
It help to expels the body & placenta
through contraction.
3) FALLOPIAN TUBES
The uterine tubes are paired structured
measuring about 10 cm.
Part’s:-
1) Interstitial (smallest part:- 1.25cm)
2) Isthmus
3) Ampulla ( Fertilization occur ) (Length :- 5cm)
4) Fimbriae
FUNCTION:-
The normal function of the tube is
receive the ovum from the ovary.
In the ampullary part fertilization
occur.
Transport of gametes.
4) THE OVARIES
Definition:-
The ovaries are two almond shaped gland
‘
placed on each side of the uterus below the
uterine tube.’
It is a female sexual gland .
Color:- Pinkish grey
Length :- 3cm
Thickness:- 1cm
Blood supply :- Ovarian artery
Nerve supply:- Sympathetic and pera sympathetic
nerves
PART’S:-
1) Cortex :- Outer portion of the ovary.
2) Medulla :-Inner portion of the ovary.
Function:-
Help in ovulation.
Produce sex hormones ( Estrogen &
Progesterone )
C) ACCESSORY
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
The Breast / mammary
gland :-
Definition :-
‘ It is a accessory reproductive organ as a
gland are concerned with lactation
following childbirth.
Location:-
- 2nd and 6th rib in midclavicular line.
Weight :- 200-300 gm
Structure:-
- Areola placed about the center and
pigmented
- Diameter of areola :-2.5 cm.
- Montgomery tubercles Located
around areola they can secreted milk .
- The nipple is a muscular projection
covered by pigmented.
- It include 15 to 20 lobes / lactiferous
ducts open at the nipples .
- Each lobes contain 10 to 100 lobules.
FUNCTION:-
At birth ,the breast often secrete milk.
Change occur during puberty.
During menstruation slight enlarge of the
breast.
From the 16th week of pregnancy a little
secretion in the breast is seen.
After child birth a thin fluid, called
colostrom milk, rich in protein is secreted.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
1) External genital organ
A) Penis
B) Scrotum
2) Internal genital organ
A) Testes
B) Vas deferens
C) Epididymis
D)Seminal vesicle
E) Prostate
F) Bulbourethral gland / cowper’s gland
1)EXTERNAL GENITAL
ORGAN
A) Penis:-
Penis is 10 cm long and 4 cm broad.
It is a muscular cylindrical organ.
The rounded bulb end of penis is called
‘glans penis’ .
B) Scrotum:-
It is a pouch like sac place in between the
thighs.
In scrotum 2 testes are present.
2) INTERNAL GENITAL
ORGAN
A) Testes:-
If formed male sex hormones( Testosterone
).
Testes are a pair of sex gland.
The testes develop in the abdominal cavity
during fetal life & descend during end of
pregnancy.
Testosterone:-
- It help in puberty development.
B) Epididymis :-
It is a duct like organ that connects the testis to the vas deference.
C) Vas deference :-
It is hollow tube 45 cm long & 3 cm diameter.
It help to carry out the sperm to the states.
D) Seminal vesicle :-
It is paired accessory sex gland lying on either side of vasdeference.
Help to production semen.
E) Prostate gland :-
It located between the bladder & the penis.
It secretes fluid to nourishing & protect sperm.
F) Balbourethral gland / cowper’s gland :-
Produce pre-ejaculate that cleanses and lubricates tha urethra
perior to the arrival of the semen.
CONTAIN :-
SEMEN :-
- it contain water medium
- Fructose + citrate :- help to nutrition
- Fibrinogen :- clotting and attachment
- Mucous :- Provide Lubrication
- Buffer :- maintain PH (Sperm ph :- 7.2 to 7.8)
-One ejaculation amount of semen :- 2-5 ml
-Number of sperm in semen :-200-500 million .
Hormonal cycle
OVARIAN CYCLE:-
Definition :-
It is a series of event in the ovaries that
occur during and after the Maturation
of Oocyte.
It include 3 phase:-
1) Follicular phase
2) Ovulation
3) Luteal phase
1) Follicular phase:-
The follicular phase is the first part of
ovarian cycle. During this phase, the
ovarian follicles mature and get ready to
released an egg.
Follicles inside oocyte enlarges and the cell
in follicle secretes increased amount of
oestrogen.
Zona pellucida and antrum forms.
A rapid follicular growth continues during
the follicular phase.
One follicle usually grow more rapidly and
matures about 14 days after onset of
follicular development.
2) Ovulation:-
It is the Second part of ovarian cycle.
Walls of the graffian follicles ruptures
and thereby antrum fluid alone with the
oocytes flow to ovarian surface.
Fluid and oocytes are released and the
oocytes enters the uterain tube.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is triggered
( response).
Follicles are released during ovulation .
3) Luteal phase:-
It is the Last phase of ovarian cycle.
Old follicular cell undergoes structural
transformation to form corpus luteum ( secret
estrogen and progesterone help to maintain
endometrial layer ).
Fully functional within four after ovulation and
continues to increase in size for another 4-5
days.
Corpus luteum converted in to corpus Albicance
and then after is absorbed in ovary.
If released ovum is not fertilized and does not
implant, corpus luteum degenerates within
about 14 days after formation.
1) MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The series of changes which take place
regular in females. It is 28 cycles occurring
regularly in female from puberty to
menopause .
Phase:-
1) menstrual phase ( 1 to 4 day)
2) Proliferative phase(5 to 14 day)
3) Secretory phase( 15 day to till
Menstruation period )
1) Menstrual phase:-
- Other name is bleeding phase
- It lasts for about 3 to 4 day.
- Uterus endometrial lining is sloughed
off and bleeding also take place due
rupture of blood vessels.
- As no fertilization , corpus luteum degenerate thus there is
decreased estrogen and progesterone it leads to
sheeding of endometrium
- This happens only when fertilization is
not accompanied.
2) Proliferative phase:-
Other name is Follicular phase.
it start at the end of menstrual phase. its
duration is about 5 to 14 day.
At the begging of this phase most of the
endometrial has been desquamated.
endometrial increase in thickness to about
3 to 5 mm .
The endometrial gland produce a thick
mucus .
3) Secretory phase:-
Other name is Luteal phase.
This phase lasts for above 14 day to
menstrual phase.
It start after ovulation and extends up
to the next menstrual phase.
Endometrial thickness up to 6 to 10
mm.
MC
DISORDER’S
1) Amenorrhea:-
(Absent of Mc)
2) Oligo menorrhea :-
less bleeding + Infrequent Mc > 35 day
3) Menorrhagia / metrorragia :-
Heavy bleeding + regular interval
4)Polymenorrhea :-
Heave bleeding > 21 day +regular interval
5)Menometrorrhea :-
heavey bleeding + iregularinterval
6) Menopause :-
permanent cessation of Mc /Absent Mc
7) Dysmenorrhoea :- Pain full Mc .
8)Pre menstrual syndrome(PMS) :- It occur before
Mc
It lead mod swings , breast tenderness , food craving ,
Thank you
