STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE BEAMS USING MARBLE

DUST AND HYBRID RODS IN SELFCOMPACTION CONCRETE

Submitted by
Anbarasan.S
(611021413001)

Guidance by:
[Link], M.E.,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR.
 OBJECTIVES:
• TO ARRIVED AT THE STRENGTH EFFICIENCY FACTORS OF MARBLE POWDER IN SELF
COMPACTION TO STUDY THE STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIP.

• TO STUDY THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAM.

• TO STUDY THE DURABILITY ASPECT OF SELF COMPACTION MADE WITH MARBLE POWDER.

• IDENTIFY THE POSSIBLE CONCRETE MIX PROPORTION TO PRODUCE VARYING STRENGTH

WITH SEVERAL SELF COMPACTIONS.

• OBTAIN THE FRESH PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE.

• OBTAIN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AND SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE INCLUDING

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST AND FLEXURE STRENGTH.

• EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS AND MIX

PROPORTIONS ON THE FRESH AND HARDENED PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTION
CONCRETE.
 INTRODUCTION:
 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN THE MATERIAL SCIENCE IS PROGRESSING
RAPIDLY. IN LAST THREE DECADES A LOT OF RESEARCH WAS CARRIED OUT THROUGHOUT
GLOBE TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE IF CONCRETE ON TERMS OF STRENGTH.

 CONSEQUENTLY CONCRETE HAS NO LONGER REMAINING CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

CONSISTING OF CEMENT.

 WASTE MARBLE MATERIAL IS ABOUT 125000 TON/YEAR (1996) THE WASTE MATERIALS TO
THE ENVIRONMENT DIRECTLY CAN CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM.

 THE DUMPING OF MARBLE POWDER CAUSING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION , USE OF

MARBLE POWDER IN CONSTRUCTION WILL REDUCE THE POLLUTION.

 THE COST AND DEMAND OF RIVER SAND IS HIGH , IF WE USE MARBLE POWDER WHICH IS
FREE OF COST WILL REDUCE THE COST OF CONSTRUCTION.

 SO IT CAN BE USED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY DUE TO REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL

SAND.
 ADVANTAGES OF SCC
• HIGH-LEVEL OF QUALITY CONTROL DUE TO MORE SENSITIVITY OF MOISTURE
CONTENT OF INGREDIENTS AND COMPATIBILITY OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES.

• INCREASES OF THE SERVICES LIFE OF THE MOULDS/FORMWORK.

• PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MORE RATIONAL CONCRETE PRODUCTION.

• INDUSTRIALIZED PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE.

• COVERS REINFORCEMENT EFFECTIVELY, THEREBY ENSURING BETTER QUALITY

OF COVER OF REINFORCEMENT BARS.

• REDUCTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION TIME BY ACCELERATION THE

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.

• IMPROVE THE QUALITY DURABILITY, AND RELIABILITY OF CONCRETE

STRUCTURE DUE TO BETTER COMPACTION AND HOMOGENEITY OF CONCRETE.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SCC
• THE PRODUCTION OF SCC PLACES MORE STRINGENT REQUIREMENT ON THE
SELECTION OF MATERIAL IN COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE.

• AN UNCONTROLLED VARIATION OF EVEN 1% MOISTURE CONTENT IN THE FINE

AGGREGATE WILL HAVE A MUCH BIGGER IMPACT ON THE SCC AT VERY LOW W/C (~0.3)
RATIO. PROPER STOCK PILING OF AGGREGATE, UNIFORMITY OF MOISTURE IN THE
BATCHING PROCESS, AND GOOD SAMPLING PRACTICE ARE ESSENTIAL FOR SCC
MIXTURES.

• A CHANGE IN THE CHARACTERISTIC OF A SCC MIXTURE COULD BE A WARNING SIGN

FOR QUALITY CONTROL AND WHILE A SUBJECTED JUDGMENT, MAY SOMETIME BE
MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS.

• THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SCC REQUIRES A LARGE NUMBER OF A TRIAL BATCHES. IN

ADDITION TO THE LABORATORY TRIAL BATCHES, FIELD SIZE TRIAL BATCHES SHOULD
BE TO SIMULATE THE TYPICAL PROBLEM PRODUCTION CONDITIONS.
 LITERATURE REVIEW:

MOGAWER AND STUART 1996

• THE WMD USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF PC CLINKER IN THE AMOUNT OF 0%,

2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% AND 10% BY WEIGHT AND GROUNDED TOGETHER WITH PC CLINKER
AND GYPSUM IN ORDER TO PRODUCE COMPOSED CEMENT WITH ADDITIVE.

• AMOUNT OF GYPSUM WAS FIXED AS 5% BY WEIGHT IN THE CEMENT

MANUFACTURING IN THIS STUDY. AMOUNT OF WMD WAS SUBSTITUTED WITH THE
SAME AMOUNT OF PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER.

• THE MIXTURE PROPORTIONS OF CONSTITUENTS USED FOR PRODUCTION OF

COMPOSED CEMENT WITH WMD. PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER, WMD AND GYPSUM
SHOULD BE SEPARATELY GROUNDED AT SPECIFIED PROPORTIONS BY MEANS OF
BALL MILLING. GRINDING PERIOD WAS FIXED AS 1 H IN THE EXPERIMENTS.
 SHAHUL HAMMED M AND SEKAR A.S.S (2009)]
 INVESTIGATED THE USAGE OF QUARRY ROCK DUST AND MARBLE SLUDGE
POWDER AS POSSIBLE SUBSTITUTES FOR NATURAL SAND IN CONCRETE AND
COMPARED WITH THE NATURAL SAND CONCRETE.

 IT RESULTED IN THE INCREMENT OF COMPRESSIVE , SPLIT TENSILE AND

DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WHEN THE FINE AGGREGATE WAS REPLACED WITH 50%
MARBLE SLUDGE POWDER AND 50% QUARRY ROCK DUST . THE RESISTANCE OF
CONCRETE TO SULPHATE ATTACK WAS ENHANCED GREATLY.
 DR.T. FELIX KALA
• FINE AGGREGATE IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF CONCRETE. THE GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL RIVER SAND IS VERY HIGH DUE TO THE EXTENSIVE USE OF
CONCRETE. IN PARTICULAR, THE DEMAND FOR NATURAL RIVER SAND IS QUITE HIGH IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OWING TO INFRASTRUCTURAL GROWTH.

• IN THIS SITUATION SOME DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE FACING A SHORTAGE IN THE

SUPPLY OF NATURAL SAND. THE NON-AVAILABILITY OF SUFFICIENT QUANTITY OF
ORDINARY RIVER SAND FOR MAKING CEMENT CONCRETE IS AFFECTING THE GROWTH
OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN MANY PARTS OF THE COUNTRY.

• THE UTILIZATION OF MARBLE POWDER IN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE COULD

TURN THIS WASTE MATERIAL INTO A VALUABLE RESOURCE WITH THE ADDED BENEFIT
OF PRESERVING ENVIRONMENT. THEREFORE, THIS STUDY FOCUSED ON THE
POSSIBILITY OF USING LOCALLY AVAILABLE MARBLE POWDER AND ADMIXTURES IN
THE PRODUCTION OF HPC, WITH 28 DAYS STRENGTH TO THE MAXIMUM OF 60 MPA.
 RAJAN CHOUDHARY , SATISH CHANDRA
• AMONGST THE BUILDING STONES USED IN CONSTRUCTION, MARBLE IS THE MOST EXTENSIVELY
USED IN INDIA.

• MARBLE RESERVES IN INDIA ARE ESTIMATED AT 1200 MILLION TON. THE USE OF MARBLE FOR
CONSTRUCTION INVOLVES ELABORATE PROCESSING, SUCH AS CUTTING, GRINDING AND POLISHING.

• MARBLE SLURRY IS GENERATED AS A BY-PRODUCT DURING PROCESSING OF MARBLE BLOCKS. THE

WASTE IS APPROXIMATELY 20 % OF THE TOTAL MARBLE HANDLED.

• MARBLE INDUSTRIES IN INDIA PRODUCE MORE THAN 3500 METRIC TON OF MARBLE POWDER
SLURRY PER DAY. SIMILARLY ABOUT 3000 METRIC TON OF MARBLE DUST/SLURRY IS PRODUCED PER
DAY AS A BY-PRODUCT DURING MANUFACTURING OF MARBLE TILES AND SLABS FROM THE RAW
BLOCKS.

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MARBLE DUST AND MARBLE DUST MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS LAID FOR
FILLERS AS PER MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT & HIGHWAYS [MORTH-2001], IN INDIA.

• LABORATORY INVESTIGATION HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT TO JUDGE THE PERFORMANCE OF THESE
INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS FILLER IN ASPHALT CONCRETE. STONE DUST IS ALSO INCLUDED IN THE
STUDY TO COMPARE THE RESULTS
 METHODOLOGY:
Design Mix
Testing for Hard Concrete

Material Property Reinforcement Beam

Conclusion
Beam Design
Analysis the Strength
of Concrete

Load Deflection For Reference

TMT Bar
Experimental Result

Load Deflection for

Workability Test HYBRID Bar
Result
DESIGN MECHANISM SELECTION OF WATERCEMENT RATIO :
MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR M40 GRADE CEMENT IS: 10262-1982 from fig (1),
CONCRETE: For the target mean strength of 50.89 N/mm2, the water cement
DESIGN STIPULATION : ratio is 0.30.
Characteristics Compressive Strength = 40N/mm 2 The maximum water cement ratio 0.65. Adopt water cement
Maximum Size Of Aggregate = 20mm ratio is 0.30
Degree Of Workability = 0.9 Compaction Factor
SELECTION OF WATER AND SAND CONTENT :
Degree Of Quality Control = Good Form IS 10262-1982 ,pg-9 (table 4), the approximate sand and
Type Of Exposure = Mild water content are taken as
Sand = 180 Kg
TESTED BATA FOR MATERIALS : Water Content = 25 litres
PPC ( Portland pozzolonic cement)
Specific Gravity Of Cement =3.15 CORRECTION OF WATER AND SAND CONTENT
Specific Gravity IS : 10262-1982 [pg:11], table 6 :
Coarse =2.68
Fine =2.72
Sl .no Change in Water content % sand in total
TARGET MEAN STRENGTH :
Formula to find the target means strength is condition % aggregate
fck = fck +ts 1 Decrease in
0 -6
where, water
fck = target average compressive strength at 28 days, (0.6-0.3)=0.3
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days,
2 Compaction
s = standard deviation (1.65) , 3% 0
t = suggestion value of standard deviation from table(1) in IS factor
10262-1982, (0.9-0.8)=0.1
fck=40+1.65 X 6.6 3 Sand conforming
0 -1.5
Zone-III
fck= 50.89 N/mm 2

TOTAL +3% -7.5%

6.1. WATER CONTENT: = 180 +3% of 180 W- mass of water
W=185.4 kg/m3 C-mass of cement
6.2 SAND CONTENT: P- Ratio of fine & total aggregate by absolute volume.
= 25% - 7.5% fa,ca –total mass of fine & course aggregate
= 17.5% sca- specific gravity of saturated surface of fine &
6.3. CEMENT CONTENT: course aggregate.
The correct value for cement content can be determine,
Water cement ratio = 0.30 7.1 COURSE AGGREGATE:
W/C = 0.30 V= (w+(c/sc) + (1/1-p) x (ca/sca)) x 1/1000
185.4/ 0.30 = C, 0.98 = (185.4) + (618/3.15) + (1/1-0.175) x (c a/2.68))
C = 618 Kg/m3 x 1/1000
DETERMINATION OF FINE AND COURSE ca=1323.1 Kg/m3
AGGREGATE: 7.2 FINE AGGREGATE:
V= (w+(c/sc)+(1/1-p) X (ca/sca)) X 1/1000 , V=(w+(c/sc) V = (w+(c/sc) + (1/p) X (fa/sca)) x 1/1000
+(1/p) X (fa/sca)) X 1/1000 0.98 = (191.58+ (639/3.15) + (1/0.35) x (fa/2.72)) x
Where, 1/1000
V-absolute volume of fresh concrete fa = 284 kg/m3
SCa- specific gravity of cement

Mix proportion for the quantities can be arrive at 0% of marble powder

[Link] CEMENT WATER FINE COARSE

1 1 0.30 0.45 2.14
2 618 185.4 284 1323.1
Mix proportion for the quantities can be arrive at 0% of marble powder
 MATERIAL PROPERTY:

Mix proportion for the quantities can be arrive at 0% of marble powder

[Link] CEMENT WATER FINE COARSE
1 1 0.30 0.45 2.14
2 618 185.4 284 1323.1

Mix proportion for the quantities can be arrive at 5% of marble powder

[Link] CEMENT WATER FINE Marble COARSE

powder
1 1 0.30 0.43 0.02 2.14
2 618 185.4 269.80 14.20 1323.1
Mix proportion for the quantities can be arrive at 10% of marble
powder
[Link] CEMENT WATER FINE Marble powder COARSE
1 1 0.30 0.41 0.04 2.14
2 618 185.4 255.60 28.40 1323.1

Mix proportion for the quantities can be arrive at 15% of marble powder

[Link] CEMENT WATER FINE Marble powder COARSE

1 1 0.30 0.39 0.06 2.14

2 618 185.4 241.40 42.60 1323.1
Mix proportion for the quantities can be arrive at 20% of marble powder

[Link] CEMENT WATER FINE Marble powder COARSE

1 1 0.30 0.35 0.08 2.14
2 618 185.4 227.20 56.80 1323.1
 MATERIAL PROPERTY:
PORTLAND POZZOLANIC CEMENT:

• PORTLAND POZZOLANIC CEMENT CONCRETE IS FOREMOST AMONG THE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL USED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT AROUND THE WORLD.

AGGREGATE:

• AGGREGATE IS A COLLECTIVE TERM FOR THE MINERAL MATERIALS SUCH AS SAND,

GRAVEL AND CRUSHED STONE THAT ARE USED WITH A BINDING MEDIUM (SUCH AS
WATER, BITUMEN, PORTLAND CEMENT, LIME, ETC.) TO FORM COMPOUND MATERIALS
(SUCH AS ASPHALT CONCRETE AND PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE).

SAND:

• ALL NORMAL CONCRETING SANDS ARE SUITABLE FOR SCC. BOTH CRUSHED AND
ROUNDED SANDS CAN B USED. SILICEOUS OR CALCAREOUS SANDS CAN BE USED. THE
AMOUNT OF FINES LESS THAN 0.125 MM IS TO CONSIDERED AS POWDER AND IS VERY
IMPORTANT FOR THE SCC.
MARBLE POWDER:

• PURE WHITE MARBLE IS THE RESULT OF METAMORPHISM OF A VERY PURE

(SILICATE-POOR) LIMESTONE OR DOLOMITE PROTOLITH.

• THE CHARACTERISTIC SWIRLS AND VEINS OF MANY COLOUR MARBLE VARIETIES

ARE USUALLY DUE TO VARIOUS MINERAL IMPURITIES SUCH AS CLAY, SILT, SAND,
IRON OXIDES, OR CHERT WHICH WERE ORIGINALLY PRESENT AS GRAINS OR
LAYERS IN THE LIMESTONE.

• GREEN COLORATION IS OFTEN DUE TO SERPENTINE RESULTING FROM ORIGINALLY

HIGH MAGNESIUM LIMESTONE OR DOLOSTONE WITH SILICA IMPURITIES.

• CONSTRUCTION MARBLE IS A STONE WHICH IS COMPOSED OF CALCITE,

DOLOMITE OR SERPENTINE WHICH IS CAPABLE OF TAKING A POLISH. MORE
GENERALLY IN CONSTRUCTION, SPECIFICALLY THE DIMENSION STONE TRADE,
THE TERM "MARBLE" IS USED FOR ANY CRYSTALLINE CALCITE ROCK (AND
SOME NON- CALCITE ROCKS) USEFUL AS BUILDING STONE.
Sieve size (mm) Weight of Percentage Cumulative Percentage
particles retained percentage passing
retained (g) retained

4.75 8 1.6 1.6 98.4

2.36 18 3.6 5.2 94.8
1.7 22 4.4 9.6 90.4
1.18 36 7.2 16.8 83.2
600 124 24.8 41.6 58.4
300 192 38.4 80 20
150 72 14.4 94.4 5.6
pan 26 5.5 99.6 0.4
SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR SAND Fineness modulus =451.2/100 4.512
100

80

60
% passing
40 partial size distribution curve
20 for sand
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
SIEVE SIZE (mm)
 Sieve size (mm) Weight of particles Percentage retained Cumulative Percentage passing
retained (g) percentage
retained
4.75 0 0 0 100
2.36 0 0 0 100
1.7 10 2 2 98
1.18 68 13.6 15.6 84.4
600 100 20 35.6 64.4
300 224 44.8 80.4 19.6
150 78 15.6 96 4
pan 20 4 100 0

SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR MARBLE POWDER Fineness modulus =474/100 4.74

100

80

60 partial size distribution curve

for marble powder 0%
% passing
40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
SIEVE SIZE (mm)
 Sieve size (mm) Weight of particles Percentage retained Cumulative Percentage passing
retained (g) percentage
retained

4.75 16 3.2 3.2 96.8

2.36 22 4.4 7.6 92.4
1.7 32 6.4 14 86
1.18 40 8 22 78
600 98 19.6 41.6 58.4
300 190 38 79.6 20.4
150 80 16 95.6 4.4
pan 22 4.4 100 0
Fineness modulus =436.4/100 4.364
SAND 95% AND MARBLE 5%
100

80
partial size distribution curve for
% passing
60
Replacement of sand by 5%
40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
SIEVE SIZE (mm)
 Sieve size (mm) Weight of particles Percentage retained Cumulative Percentage passing
retained (g) percentage
retained
4.75 20 4 4 96
2.36 20 4 8 62
1.7 30 6 14 86
1.18 64 12.8 26.8 73.2
600 80 16 42.8 57.2
300 198 39.6 82.4 17.6
150 66 13.2 95.6 4.4
pan 22 4.4 100 0
SAND 90% AND MARBLE 10% Fineness modulus =390.4/100 3.904
100

80

60
% passing
40
partial size distribution curve for
20
Replacement of sand by 10%
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
SIEVE SIZE (mm)
Sieve size (mm) Weight of Percentage Cumulative Percentage
particles retained percentage passing
retained (g) retained
4.75 16 3.2 3.2 96.8
2.36 24 4.8 8 92
1.7 30 6 14 86
1.18 62 12.4 26.4 73.6
600 84 16.8 43.2 56.8
300 201 40.2 83.4 16.6
150 60 12 95.4 4.6
pan 26 4.6 100 0
SAND 85% AND MARBLE 15%
Fineness modulus =426.4/100 4.264
100

80

60 partial size distribution curve for

% passing
40 Replacement of sand by 15%
20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
SIEVE SIZE (mm)
 Sieve size (mm) Weight of particles Percentage retained Cumulative Percentage passing
retained (g) percentage
retained
4.75 0 0 0 100
2.36 0 0 0 100
1.7 32 6.4 6.4 93.6
1.18 54 10.8 17.2 82.4
600 90 18 35.2 64.8
300 230 46 81.2 18.8
150 68 13.6 94.8 5.2
pan 26 5.2 100 0
Fineness modulus =472/100 4.72
SAND 80% AND MARBLE 20%
100

80

60
partial size distribution curve for
% passing
40 Replacement of sand by 20%
20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
SIEVE SIZE (mm)
 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT:
SLUMP FLOW TEST
• THE SLUMP FLOW IS USED TO ASSESS THE HORIZONTAL FLOW OF SELF
COMPACTING CONCRETE IN THE ABSENCE OF OBSTRUCTION.

• ACCEPTANCE LIMIT:

DIAMETER OF THE SLUMP FLOW SHOULD BE BETWEEN 600-800MM.

V-FUNNEL TEST:
THE EQUIPMENT CONSIST OF A V-SHAPED FUNNEL, THE TEST IS USED TO DETERMINE THE FILLING
ABILITY (FLOW ABILITY) OF THE CONCRETE WITH A MAXIMUM AGGREGATE SIZE OF 20MM. THE
FUNNEL IS FILLED BOUT 12 LITRES OF CONCRETE AND THE TIME FOR IT TO FLOW THROUGH THE
APPARATUS MEASURED.

ACCEPTANCE LIMIT:
V-FUNNEL TEST TIME, TF SHOULD B LESS THAN 9-12 SECONDS.
L-BOX TEXT:
• THE TEST ASSESSES THE FLOW OF THE CONCRETE, AND ALSO THE EXTENT TO
WHICH IT IS SUBJECTED O BLOCKING BY REINFORCEMENT.
• THE APPARATUS CONSIST OF A RECTANGULAR- SECTION BOX IN THE SHAPE OF AN
‘L’, WITH A VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SECTION, SEPARATED BY A MOVABLE
GATE, IN FRONT OF WHICH VERTICAL LENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT BARS ARE
FITTED.

ACCEPTANCE LIMIT:
BLOCKING RATIO IS TO GREATER THAN 0.8-1
U-BOX T:
THIS TEST IS ALSO CALLED AS “BOX-SHAPED” TEST. THE TEST IS USED TO
MEASURE THE PASSING ABILITY OF SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE.

ACCEPTANCE LIMIT:
THE FILLING HEIGHT SHOULD BE IN BETWEEN 0-30MM.
 WORKABILITY TEST RESULT:
Suggested
DESCRIPTION 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
value as per
code

SLUMP FLOW 675 700 690 660 620 600-800

(mm)
V-FUNNEL 8 10 12 14 15 8-12
(sec)
L-BOX (mm) 0.82 0.91 1 0.28 0.25 0.8-1

U-BOX (mm) 28 26 27 33 34 0-30

J-RING (mm) 9 9 10 11 10 0-10

TEST SPECIMEN’S FOR HARD CONCRETE:
COMPRESSION STRENGTH TEST:
• THE MAIN AIM IS TO DETERMINE THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN. THE TEST SPECIMENS, CUBICAL IN SHAPE, ARE OF
SIZE (100*100*100)MM. COMPRESSION TEST ARE MADE AT RECOGNIZED (28
DAYS) AGES OF THE TEST SPECIMENS.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = ULTIMATE LOAD / CONTACT AREA OF
60 THE CUBE
50

40
STRENGTH COMPARED WITH 7 AND 28 TH DAY
30 7th day
28th day
20

10

0
A0 B5 C10 D15 E20
 • SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST:
• THE OBJECT OF THIS TEST IS TO FIND THE SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE CYLINDERS. THE SPECIMEN SHALL BE CYLINDRICAL IN SHAPE,
150MM IN DIAMETER, 300MM LONG. THE TEST IS MADE [Link] 28 DAYS.
THIS IS AN INDIRECT METHOD OF FINDING ENSILE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE.
6
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH = 2P / (LD)
5
STRENGTH COMPARED WITH 7 AND 28 TH DAY
4

3 7th day
28th day
2

0
A0 B5 C10 D15 E20
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST:
THE AIM OF THIS TEST IS TO DETERMINE THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE
CONCRETE SPECIMEN. THE SPECIMEN IN THE FORM OF BEAMS
(100*100*500) MM IN SIZE ARE USED ARE SUPPORTED ON ROLLERS.
MODULUS OF RUPTURES FB = 3PA / BD2
6
STRENGTH COMPARED WITH 7 AND 28 TH DAY
5

3 7th day
28th day
2

0
AO B5 C10 D15 E20
 ANALYSE THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
SPECIMEN MARBLE COMPRESSION FLEXURAL SPLIT TENSILE
INDEX POWDER STRENGTH STRENGTH STRENGTH
A0 0 37.5 3.2 3.78
B5 5 39 3.2 3.96
C10 10 36 2.4 2.4
D15 15 29 2 3.28
E20 20 45 24 2.24 3.33
40

35

Strength for different mixes it 30

marble powder alone for 0% 25

compresive
to 20% for 7th day test is 20
flexural
split tensile
shown in below 15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
SPECIMEN MARBLE COMPRESSION FLEXURAL SPLIT TENSILE
INDEX POWDER STRENGTH STRENGTH STRENGTH

A0 0 55.35 5.3 4.82

B5 5 58.79 5.6 4.9
C10 10 55.10 4.3 4.42
D15 15 43.5 3.4 4.43
E20 20 38.76 3.3 4.6
70

60

Strength for different mixes it 50

marble powder alone for 0% 40

compresive
to 20% for 28th day test is flexural
30 split tensile
shown in below
20

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
BEAM:
THE BEAM, OR FLEXURAL MEMBER, IS FREQUENTLY ENCOUNTERED IN
STRUCTURES AND MACHINES, AND ITS ELEMENTARY STRESS ANALYSIS
CONSTITUTES ONE OF THE MORE INTERESTING FACETS OF MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS. A BEAM IS A MEMBER SUBJECTED TO LOADS APPLIED TRANSVERSE
TO THE LONG DIMENSION, CAUSING THE MEMBER TO BEND. FOR EXAMPLE, A
SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAM LOADED AT ITS THIRD-POINTS WILL DEFORM INTO
THE EXAGGERATED BENT SHAPE.
TYPES OF BEAMS:
• SIMPLY SUPPORTED
• FIXED
• OVER HANGING
• DOUBLE OVERHANGING
• CONTINUOUS
• CANTILEVER
• TRUSSED
BEAM DESIGN:
To design M40 grade of concrete, the size of beam is 1000x200x150mm .

Span = 1m Mulim = 0.138 fck bd2

Breadth = 150mm = 0.138 x 40 x 150 x 2002
Depth = 200mm =33.12 kNm
From IS 456:2000, Mu <Mu lim. Therefore Mu =0.75kNm
Live load = 5 kN/m (for residential M = 0.87 x Astx fyx d x [1 – (Astfy /
building) fckbd)]
Floor finish = 1kN/m (Assume)
Mu = Wl2/8 Therefore, Ast= 10.4 mm2
Mu = 6 x 12 / 8 No. of bars = 4
No. of stirrups = 7
= 0.75kNm Spacing = (10.4/78.54)
= 160 mm c/c
THE TMT BAR OF CONCRETE BEAM AT 10MM DIAMETER IS
TAKEN FOR REINFORCEMENT.
THE HYBRID BAR OF CONCRETE BEAM AT 10MM DIAMETER IS TAKEN
FOR REINFORCEMENT.
Load deflection curve for self compaction with TMT bar
Ultimate load is 51.5 kN and deflection is 5.1mm
60

50

Load
40

kN 30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Deflection (mm)
LOAD DEFLECTION CURVE FOR SELF COMPACTION WITH HYBRID BAR
ULTIMATE LOAD IS58.8 KN AND DEFLECTION IS 6.3MM

Load kN
70

Ultimate load
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2
Deflection
3 4
(mm)
5 6 7 8 9 10
CONCLUSION

• THE FINENESS MODULUS OF MARBLE POWDER AND SAND IS 4.512 AND 4.74. MARBLE POWDER IS VERY FINE
PARTICLES WHEN COMPARED TO SAND PARTICLES.

• THE WORKABILITY RESULTS FOR FRESH CONCRETE CAN BE SUMMARISED AS,

• THE SLUMP VALUE (500-800MM), IS SATISFIED WITH 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%AND 20% REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY
MARBLE POWDER.

• V-FUNNEL TEST (8-12 SEC) IS SATISFIED WITH 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%AND 20% REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY MARBLE
POWDER.

• L-BOX TEST (0.8-1MM) IS SATISFIED WITH 0% ,5%,10%,15%AND 20% REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY MARBLE
POWDER

• U-BOX TEST (0-30 MM) IS SATISFIED WITH 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%AND 20% REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY MARBLE
POWDER.

• J-RING TESTS (0-10 MM) ARE SATISFIED WITH 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%AND 20% REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY MARBLE
POWDER.

THE HARDENED CONCRETE TEST RESULTS CAN BE SUMMARISED AS,

• THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HARDENED CONCRETE IS 55.35MPA FOR 5%AND 43.5MPA FOR SELF
COMPACTION CONCRETE. THEREAFTER, THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE REDUCES WITH
INCREASE IN THE PERCENTAGE OF MARBLE POWDER

• THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF HARDENED CONCRETE IS 5.3MPA FOR 5% AND 5.6MPA FOR SELF COMPACTION
CONCRETE. THERE AFTER THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH VALUE REDUCES WITH INCREASE IN PERCENTAGE OF
THE MARBLE POWDER.
• THE SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF HARDENED CONCRETE IS 4.9MPA FOR 5% AND 4.42MPA
FOR SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE. THERE AFTER THE SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH VALUE
REDUCES WITH INCREASE IN THE PERCENTAGE OF MARBLE POWDER.
BEAM:
• THE MAXIMUM STRESS VALUE IS OBTAINED AT THE REPLACEMENT PERCENTAGE OF 5%. HENCE
THIS IS SATISFIED. AND THE REPLACEMENT PROPORTION OF 5% REPLACEMENT IN SAND IS
SELECTED FOR CASTING THE BEAMS.
• ON LOADING, THE DEFLECTION IN HYBRID BAR CONCRETE BEAM IS UNIFORM UP TO 58.8 MPA,
AFTER THAT IT IS DECREASING GRADUALLY. THE ULTIMATE LOAD TAKEN BY THE BEAM IS 58.8
MPA AND THE CORRESPONDING DEFLECTION IS 6.1 MM.
• ON LOADING, THE DEFLECTION IN TMT BAR IS UNIFORM UP TO 51.5MPA, AFTER THAT IT IS
DECREASING GRADUALLY. THE ULTIMATE LOAD TAKEN BY THE BEAM IS 51.5 MPA AND THE
CORRESPONDING DEFLECTION IS 5.1 MM.
• FROM LOAD DEFLECTION CURVE IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE MARBLE POWDER CAN BE
SUCCESSFULLY REPLACED IN STRUCTURAL MEMBER LIKE BEAMS.
• THE SCOPE IN FUTURE WORK IS THAT, IT CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN THE VARIOUS GRADE OF
CONCRETE AND IT CAN BE TAKEN ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
LIKE COLUMNS, PREFABRICATED STRUCTURE, PAVERS, FLOORING, ROOF SLAB ETC.,
 REFERENCES
• MOGAWER AND STUART, "AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON SAND AND MARBLE POWDER CONCRETE IN MEKONG
DELTA", IN PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE- ACF/VCA ON SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE
TECHNOLOGY AND STRUCTURES IN LOCAL CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS, VIETNAM, 2008, PP.455-461.
• BOUZIANI TAYEB, BENMOUNAH ABDELBAKI1, BEDERINA MADANI AND LAMARA MOHAMED "DURABLE FIBRE
REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE", CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, VOL. 34, NO. 2, PP. 249-254, 2004.
• RAJAN CHOUDHARY , SATISH CHANDRA, "USE OF DIFFERENT LIMESTONE AND CHALK POWDERS IN SELF-COMPACTING
CONCRETE", CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH, VOL. 35, PP. 1457-1462, 2005.
• BAHAR DEMIREL, "REUSE OF LOCAL SAND AND MARBLE POWDER: EFFECT OF LIMESTONE FILLER PROPORTION ON THE
RHEOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT SAND AND MARBLE POWDER CONCRETES", CEMENT AND
CONCRETE RESEARCH, VOL. 35, PP. 1172-1179, 2005.
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BUILDING MATERIALS, VOL. 23, PP. 1201-1210, 2009.
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POWDER AND HIGH-VOLUME MINERAL ADMIXTURES", THE OPEN CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
JOURNAL, VOL. 2, PP. 96-102, 2008.
• DR.T. FELIX KALA, THE EUROPEAN GUIDELINES FOR SELFCOMPACTING CONCRETE, SPECIFICATION, PRODUCTION AND
USE.
• ALI 1996, COOLEY ET AL. 1998 “THE EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND LIMESTONE FILLERS ON THE VISCOSITY AND COMPRESSIVE
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THANK YOU