CLASS PRESENTATION
ON PNEUMONIA
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
[Link] MAM SHIWANI SAIN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR [Link].N.1ST YEAR
UCON, FARIDKOT. UCON, FARIDKOT.
INTRODUCTION
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx(throat), larynx
(voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi and lungs. The lower
respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
Alveoli is the functional unit of lungs. Conducting airways and
respiratory portion of the respiratory system (Respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts and alveoli).
DEFINITION
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs
especially affecting the microscopic air sacs and the
parenchyma of the lungs.
CAUSES
•Bacterial: Pneumococcal pneumonia, Staphylococcus
aureus, Beta-haemolytic streptococci, Hemophilus
influenza, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus and
[Link] and H. influenza
•Viruses
•Fungi
•Smoking
•Elderly
•Cystic fibrosis
•Heart diseases
•Diabetes
TYPES
Bas • Lobar pneumonia
ed • Bronchopneumonia
on • Interstitial pneumonia
anat
om
y
Bas • Bacterial pneumonia
ed • Viral pneumonia
on • Fungal pneumonia
etio
log
Bas
y
ed • Community acquired pneumonia
on • Hospital acquired pneumonia
clin • Ventilator associated pneumonia
ical
setti
BASED ON ANATOMY
1. Lobar Pneumonia: Lobar pneumonia affects the entire
lobe of the lungs.
2. Bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia:
Bronchopneumonia both lungs having patchy appearance.
3. Interstitial pneumonia: Interstitial pneumonia is a disease
in which the mesh like wall of the alveoli become inflamed,
the pleura might become inflamed as well.
PHASES OF LOBAR PNEUMONIA
BASED ON ETIOLOGY
1. Bacterial pneumonia: Bacterial pneumonia caused by
bacteria in which most common is streptococcus
pneumoniae.
2. Viral pneumonia: Viral pneumonia is an infection of lungs
caused by virus Influenza virus, Adenovirus and
parainfluenza virus.
3. Fungal pneumonia: Fungal pneumonia is an infection of
lungs caused by fungi. It can be caused by either endemic
or opportunistic fungi.
BASED ON CLINICAL SETTINGS
1. Community acquired pneumonia (CAP): CAP is a
syndrome in which acute infection of the lungs develops in
persons who have not been hospitalized recently and have
not had regular exposure to the health acre system.
2. Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP): HAP is defined as
a pneumonia which occurs after 48hours of admission to
hospital.
3. Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP): VAP is defined
as pneumonia occurring 48-72 hours after intubation.
Pathophysiology
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• History taking
• Physical examination
• CBC
• RFT
• LFT
• Sputum culture
• PFT (Pulmonary function test)
• Chest X-ray
• Chest CT scan
PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
SPUTUM CULTURE
CHEST X-RAY
MANAGEMENT
• Antibiotics: Ceftriaxone, Ampicillins, Ceftazidime,
Piperacillin + Tazobactam, Linezolid and
vancomycin
• Antiviral drugs :Acyclovir
• Antifungal drugs: Amphotericin-B
• Antipyretics: Paracetamol
• Bronchodilators: Salbutamol, salmetrol, ipratropium
• Oxygen therapy
• Antitussives: Oxolamine, Normethadone
• Nasal decongestants: Phenylephrine,
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT
COMPLICATIONS
Mnemonic for complications of Pneumonia “SLAP
HER”
• S- Septicemia
• L- Lung abscess
• A- ARDS
• P- Para-Pneumonic Effusion
• H- Hypotension
• E- Empyema
• R- Respiratory failure/ Renal Failure
PREVENTION
NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Ineffective airway clearance related to thick secretions as
evidenced by dyspnea.
• Ineffective breathing pattern related to mucus as evidenced
by bronconstriction or breathing sounds.
• Activity intolerance related to fatigue as evidenced by
breathing difficulty.
• Fluid volume deficit related to inadequate oral intake as
evidenced by poor skin turgor.
• Alterted body temperature related to inflammatory process as
evidenced by increased body temperature.
SUMMARIZATION
RECAPTULIZATION
1. First stage of pneumonia is……………….
Ans:Congestion
2. Which of the following is a risk factor of Pneumonia?
(a) Seasonal change
(b) Living in crowded place
(c) Mosquito
(d) Malnutrition
Ans: b
3. Final stage of Pneumonia is …………
Ans:Resolution
4. Enlist different types of pneumonia
a. On the basis of anatomy
b. On the basis of etiology
c. On the basis of clinical settings
5. VAP is defined as pneumonia that occur …………..hours
or after ET intubation.
Ans: 48hours
