Surveying
ARCHI 2A
Area of Irregular Boundaries
• 1. Trapezoidal Rule
• 2. Simpson’s One Third Rule
Trapezoidal Rule
• A = d [ + Ʃ Interior Offsets ]
• Where;
• d = common distance
• = first offset
• = last offset
Simpson’s One Third Rule
• When there is odd number of offsets or even intervals & they are
equally spaced.
• A = [ (+) + 2(Ʃ odd offsets) + 4(Ʃ even offsets) ]
Example
• A series of perpendicular offsets were taken to calculate the cross-
section of a river. The offsets were taken 2 meters apart & were
measured in following order (all in meters):
• 1.2, 3.4, 1.6, 5.7, 6.2, 4.8, 7.0, 6.5, 3.9, 4.2, 2.6, 1.1, 1.5, 0.9
• Find the area of the irregular boundaries using
• A. Trapezoidal Rule
• B. Simpson’s One Third Rule
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Area of Traverse
1. Area by Double Meridian Distance (DMD)
2. Area by Double Parallel Distance (DPD)
3. Area by Coordinates
4. Area by Triangle
Area by Double Meridian Distance
(DMD)
• 1. DMD of the first course is equal to the departure of the course itself.
• 2. DMD of any other course is equal to the DMD of the preceding
course + departure of the preceding course + departure of the course
itself
• 3. DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the departure of the
course but with opposite sign.
• Double Area (DA)
• DA = DMD X Adjusted Latitude
• Area = ½ |Ʃ DA|
Example
COURSE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DMD DA
AB 34.53 40.19
BC -25.19 27.62
CD -68.64 -9.97
DE 1.57 -29.54
EA 57.73 -28.30
TOTAL
Area by Double Parallel Distance
(DPD)
• 1. DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of the course itself.
• 2. DPD of any other course is equal to the DPD of the preceding
course + latitude of the preceding course + latitude of the course itself
• 3. DPD of the last course is numerically equal to the latitude of the
course but with opposite sign.
• Double Area (DA)
• DA = DMD X Adjusted Departure
• Area = ½ |Ʃ DA|
Example
COURSE LATITUDE DEPARTURE DPD DA
AB 34.53 40.19
BC -25.19 27.62
CD -68.64 -9.97
DE 1.57 -29.54
EA 57.73 -28.30
TOTAL
COURSE LATITUDE DEPARTURE NORTHINGS EASTINGS
AB 34.53 40.19
BC -25.19 27.62
CD -68.64 -9.97
DE 1.57 -29.54
EA 57.73 -28.30
TOTAL
Area by Triangle
