Chapter 3

Propagation of Ornamental Plants

 plant propagation is the heart of commercial ornamental plant

production .

 As any other horticultural plants, all propagation principles are also

applicable for Ornamental plants.

 Ornamental plants can be propagated

 by seeds sexually,

 by using vegetative parts asexually and

 by using new technological method, biotechnology method

 Most bedding plants and a significant number of cut flowers, potted

flowering and foliage plant species are propagated from seeds.

 In a number of species, sexual reproduction produces plants that are

too variable for commercial production and asexual methods are

therefore required.

 Sexual propagation entails the recombination of genetic material.

 In nature this results in progeny that differ from each other and from

their parents.
Vegetative propagation is clonal; progeny are genetic

copies of the parent plant.

It produces a clone consisting of all individual plants

propagated from one original plant.

Some cultivars have desired traits which are not

reliably replicated through sexual reproduction and

must be asexually reproduced.

 Asexual propagation is also used in situations when

3.1 Sexual Propagation of Ornamental Plants

Propagation by seed is the most commonly method of

producing new plants.

Common annual and biennial vegetables and flowers are

grown easily from seed.

Perennials grown from seed may take more than one season

to flower.
Lawn grasses are commonly grown from seed by the home

gardener.
Sexual propagation of plants involves the exchange of

genetic material between parents to produce a new

 Advantages:

 It is the means of creating genetic diversity of plants.

 It is usually the only method of producing new varieties . New

varieties of ornamental and vegetable crops can be developed

only by this method.

 Creation of hybrids is possible by commercial growers.

 It is often the cheapest and easiest method of producing of

plants.

 Seeds can be transported easily and stored for a longer time

using this method

 It can be a way to avoid certain diseases.


 Disadvantages of seed or sexual propagation

 It fails to produce plants true to variety

 It takes a longer time to produce a salable plant.

 Viability of many seed is often very short, sometimes only 3 to

10 days.
 Dormancy problem in some flowers like roses.

 Viable seeds of many ornamentals fail to germinate

immediately when placed under conditions considered optimum
for germination.
 Such seeds are said to be dormant.

 Plants grow vigorously and cause obstruction in intercultural

practices like harvesting and spraying.

 Crop species, which do not produce seeds like jasmine,
hibiscus, bougainvillea, pineapple, banana, strawberry, fig,,
 Establishing nursery

Nursery is a place where planting materials

(seedlings, cuttings, grafts) are propagated and

raised with the maximum possible care until

they are strong enough to be planted out in

their production field (before transplanting).

The Need for Nursery Establishment

 To give seeds better condition for germination

 To apply optimum growing conditions to the plants during their early

development stage.

 It is very convenient to look after the tender seedlings

 To economized on seeds and land usage

 To protect from adverse temperature, heavy rains, drought, wind

and a variety of pests and diseases.

 To avoid weak and diseased plants so as to obtain uniform crop

stand in the main field

  Sowing Seeds indoor

Environment for Germination

Medium used for germinating seed must have

 a high water-holding capacity,

 good drainage and

 good aeration.

Regardless of the media that is used for germination,

it should be sterile.

Plants are grown in the greenhouse environment

until good root systems are formed.

Transplant production involves planting a seed in

every cell of a germinating tray.

the primary reason transplants produced indoor

condition is to have plants in the field as soon as

the risk of freeze is over.

The earliest planting produces the earliest harvest.

Starting ornamental plants in the greenhouse will

Structures for Planting
Seeds may be planted in flats, pots, greenhouse benches and

similar structures.

Cover germination facilities with moisture-proof plastic, glass or

other material to prevent water loss from the medium and

surrounding air.

Plastic coverings are most desirable because they maintain high

humidity without restricting movement of air or oxygen.

 Nursery management

 All routine activities from sowing to transplanting to the

permanent place are included in the nursery management

practice.

 Mulching: Is practice of covering soil surface with organic or

inorganic materials.

 Mulching material in general should be placed over the beds

immediately after sowing and removed after the seedlings have

germinated and

 have attained sufficient height or when the danger of frost or

Advantages of mulching

🖙 Prevents blowing away of seeds from nursery bed

🖙 It saves the seeds from being picked away by the birds, rodents and
other animals

🖙 Prevent young seedlings from frost damage during winters and

scorching sun during summers

🖙 Conserves soil moisture, thus reduces irrigation frequency

🖙 Prevents weed growth

🖙 Keeps soil cool in day, warm at night hours

🖙 Reduces surface run-off and allows the absorption of more rain water,
thus prevents soil erosion
Watering: The seed bed should be watered immediately

after sowing.

The frequency of watering will depend on the local weather

conditions of the nursery site.

The best time for watering is at early morning and late

afternoon.

Thinning: A cultural practice, which involves removal of

surplus seedling from densely populated seedlings to

achieve desired planting density in nursery bed by retaining

Fertilization: Nursery growers should test soils/media each year to

determine nutrient requirement of nursery beds.

Pest control: Insects, diseases and weeds will always exist in great

abundance in the nursery. Those pests must be controlled.

Hardening-off: is the process of preparing plants to

withstand adverse environmental conditions (light,

temperature, relative humidity) in the field.

Transplants are hardened prior to placing in the field to

reduce shock and stress due to the transplanting process.

 This is accomplished by slowly removing the optimum

growing conditions of the nursery like,

 by reducing the water and

 fertilizer that the plants receive,

 high or lower temperature,

 strong sunshine

 by reducing the shade level.

 2. Asexual propagation of ornamental plants
 It is also called ‘vegetative propagation’.

 The vegetative parts of a plant like leaf, stem, root are used

as a propagule.

 Sexual reproduction produces plants that are too variable for commercial

production and asexual method is required.

 Most of the horticultural crops are commercially propagated

by vegetative or asexual method of propagation.

 Vegetative propagation progeny are genetic copies of the

parent plant.

 It produces a clone consisting of all individual identical plants

propagated from one original plant.

Merits of asexual propagation

 Many fruit and ornamental plants that do not produce seeds &

multiplied by this method(e.g. jasmine, hibiscus, bougainvillea)

 Plants propagated by asexual propagation are true-to-type

genetically.

 By top working (using budding and grafting), old and

economically low productive plants can be converted into

superior ones.

 It is also used in situations when seed propagation is too long.

 Advantages offered by rootstocks and scion can be exploited

through asexual method.

 Maturity is uniform and the plant gives quality yield.

 Plants propagated by asexual method are small in size, so

spraying of chemicals and harvesting are easy.

 This method enables noble plant production,

e.g., different colours of flowers in a single rose plant and

different types of fruits in one plant can be produced through

asexual method.
 Demerits of asexual propagation

By vegetative propagation, new varieties cannot be

developed.

It requires specialized skills, so it is an expensive

method of propagation.

 The life span of asexually propagated plants is short

as compared to sexually propagated ones.

These plants are more prone to biotic and abiotic

 1. Principles and Techniques of Cutting Propagation
 Cutting propagation is the most common form of asexual propagation

of ornamental plants.
Cutting is a detached vegetative part of a plant, which on separation

and planting is able to regenerate the missing parts and develop itself
into a new plant.
In cutting propagation a section of stem, leaf or root cut from a source

plant is taken and induced to form roots and shoot by chemical,

mechanical and/or environmental manipulation.
the dominant method for many important flowering species including

poinsettias, chrysanthemums, carnations and numerous foliage

species.
  advantages of propagation of plants by cuttings
 It is a rapid and simple technique as compared to other asexual

methods &
 Parent plants reproduce exactly with no genetic change

 Greater uniformity is achieved by absence of variation which

sometimes appears as a result of the variable seedling rootstocks of

grafted/budded plants.

 Does not require a special techniques w/c are necessary in grafting &

budding

 Many plants can be started in a limited place from a few stock plants.
Limitations of propagation by cutting

Plants from cuttings develop poor root system.

Hence it is not always desirable to produce plants

on their own roots by cutting even if it is possible

to do so.

Cutting propagation like other asexual propagation

techniques may increase disease and insect

susceptibility.
 Types of cuttings
Cuttings are made from the vegetative portion of the plant, such as stems,

leaves and roots.

The method is named after the part of plant used for

cutting, e.g., stem, root and leaf

Cuttings can be classified according to the part of the plant from which

they are obtained as:

 Stem cutting

 Leaf Cutting

 Leaf bud Cuttings

Propagation by stem and leaf bud cuttings (single

eye cuttings) requires only that

a new adventitious root system be formed, because

potential shoot system (a bud that will develop to the

shoot system) is already present.
In these two cases axillary shoot and adventitious

roots will develop from cuttings.

Root and leaf cuttings must initiate both a new shoot

system from an adventitious bud as well as new

adventitious roots.
In other word shoots and roots from root and leaf
 Stem Cuttings

Stem cuttings can be divided in to four groups, according

to the nature of the wood used for propagation:

 hard wood,

 semi-hardwood,

 soft wood and

 herbaceous cuttings.
When you select stem cuttings:

 Select healthy and vigorous pencil size cuttings from

healthy mother plant.

 Select a stem having at least two vegetative lateral and

terminal buds.

 Avoid cuttings having flower buds.

 Vegetative buds are relatively small and pointed, but

flowering buds are relatively big and round in their

Hardwood Cuttings

Hardwood cuttings are those made of matured, dormant, firm woods

They are relatively light brown or brown in their color.

 they are inflexible when you try to bend them and stronger.

They are easy to prepare, are not readily perishable, may be shipped

safely over long distances if necessary, and require little or no

special equipment during rooting.

It is one of the least expensive and easiest methods of vegetative

propagation particularly for easy to root woody perennial plants.

Hardwood cuttings are prepared during dormant season, usually from

wood of previous season’s growth.

Many deciduous ornamental shrubs (Bougainvillea, Hibiscus,
Lantana, etc) propagated commercially by this method.
Hardwood cuttings vary in length from 10 to 30 cm.
Semi-hardwood cuttings

Semi-hardwood (green wood) cuttings are those made

from partially matured wood.

 Its color is green and we can bend it to a curve

without breaking the stem.

Cuttings of evergreen species are taken from new

shoots just after a flush of growth.

Semi-hard wood cuttings are made 8 to 15 cm long

with leaves retained at the upper end.

If leaves are very large, they can be trimmed 1/3 to 1/2

their size to reduce the leaf surface area.

Many broad–leaved evergreen shrubs and trees such as

 Nerium,

 Camellia,

 Rhododendron,

 Callistemon,

 Abutilon,

 Fuchsia,

 Hydrangea,

 Euonymus,

 Cuphea,
 Softwood cuttings

Cuttings prepared from the soft, succulent, new growth of

deciduous or evergreen species.

Softwoods are produced during growth flushes (active growth

period) and may occur just once per year or several times during

the year.

 Many ornamental woody plants can be started by softwood

Even though the level of stored carbohydrate in softwood

cuttings is small as compared to the above type of cuttings,

due to high level of meristematic cells such type of cuttings

produce adventitious root faster than other types.

For some difficult-to-root species using hard or

semi hardwood cuttings, softwood cuttings may

be the only commercial method to clonally

Herbaceous cuttings

Herbaceous cuttings are made from succulent,

non-woody plants like chrysanthemums, coleus,

carnations and many foliage crops.

They are 8 to 13 cm long with leaves retained at

the upper end or without leaves.

Herbaceous cuttings are rooted under the same

conditions as softwood cuttings.

 Leaf cuttings
 In leaf cuttings, the leaf blade or leaf blade with petiole

is utilized in starting a new plant.

In this case the original leaf does not become a part of a

new plant.

 It disintegrates after the new plant is formed.

This implies that both adventitious root and shoot will

develop from planted leaf cut and make the cutting to a

complete and independent plant.

Only a limited number of plant species can be

propagated by leaf cuttings.

Sansevieria,Saintpaulia, Begonia, Iresine, and Peperomia

are routinely propagated by leaf cuttings.

In some cases, such as with Sansevieria, the leaves are

cut into segments and inserted into the medium.

 Each segment regenerates shoots and roots.

Leaf cuttings should be rooted under the same

conditions of high humidity as those used for softwood or

herbaceous cuttings.

Root promoting chemicals are usually helpful.

 Leaf – bud cuttings (single-eye or single-node cuttings)

A leaf-bud cutting (single-eye or single-node cuttings) consist of

a leaf blade, petiole and a short piece of the stem with the

attached axillary's bud.

They differ from leaf cuttings in that only adventitious roots need

to form.

The axillary's bud (potential stem) at the nodal area of stem

A number of plant species such as blackberry, lemon, and

Rhododendron are started by leaf-bud cuttings, as well as

many tropical shrubs and most herbaceous green house

plants usually started by this method.

 Leaf-bud cuttings are particularly useful when

propagating material is scarce, because they will produce

at least twice as many new plants from the same amount

of stock material as can be started by stem cuttings.

Each node can be used as a cutting.

 Root Cuttings

Some species of plants are propagated by harvesting roots and

cutting them into sections which are then planted in the

medium. E.g butterfly weed (Asclepiastuberosa)

Be sure the correct orientation is used in planting the cuttings.

Cuttings are planted with the proximal end up.

Root cuttings are usually taken during dormant season

During this time sufficient amount of carbohydrates are stored

in a root of a stock plant.

Polarity in Cuttings

Correct polarity is very important in case of stem and

root cuttings.

For stem cuttings shoot will develop from distal portion

of cuttings and adventitious roots will emerge from the

proximal portion of cutting.

However for root cuttings the reverse is true( i.e.

rooted cuttings produce shoot on their proximal end and

In case of leaf cuttings, unlike to stem and root

cuttings, they are less sensitive for polarity.

For example, Sansevieria produces an adventitious root

either on the proximal or distal end of a cutting.

The proximal end of either the shoot or root is the

nearest the stem-root junction (crown) of the plant.

The distal end of either the shoot or root is the farthest

from the stem-root junction of the plant.

Generally in terms of their sensitivity for polarity, stem

cuttings are more sensitive than root cuttings and root

cuttings are more sensitive than leaf cuttings.

 Therefore it is necessary to maintain the correct

polarity of cuttings during planting.

Most of the time there is a difficulty in identifying the

polarity of root cuttings.

To avoid planting upside down, the proximal end (nearest the

crown of the plant) may be made with a straight cut and the

distal end (away from a crown) with a slanting cut.

The proximal end of root piece should always be up.

Insert cuttings vertically so that the top is at above a soil level.

Cuttings may also planted horizontally 2.5 to 5 cm deep to

avoid the possibility of planting upside down.

Factors Affecting Regeneration of Plants from Cutting

Water content of cuttings

Carbohydrate content of cuttings

Mineral content

Girdling

Age of the stock plant

Type of wood selected

Time of year

Presence of virus
Treatment of cuttings

Growth regulators (plant hormones)

Treating the proximal end of cuttings using root promoting

plant hormones induce adventitious root formation.

Particularly auxin hormones like IBA, NAA, and IAA are

widely used root inducing growth regulators.

Fungicide treatment

Lose of cuttings in propagation unit due to fungal diseases is

Hence treating cuttings before planting using appropriate

type of fungicide is very important to avoid occurrence of

fungal diseases on cuttings.

Wounding

Wounding refers making of a wound on the proximal end

of cuttings before planting.

Wounded tissues are stimulated into cell division and

production of root.

Wounded tissues probably absorb more growth regulators

during treatment of cuttings and more water from the

medium than unwounded tissue.

 [Link]

Layering induces adventitious roots formation on stems

while they are still attached to the parent plant.

The process of layering can be thought of as rooting a

stem cutting while the cutting is still attached to the

parent plant.

Layering can occur naturally through low growing

branches which root when in contact with the soil or can

be induced artificially by burying stems with soil or

 Types of Layering

[Link] layering, shoot apices are bent into the

ground, root, and finally grow up-ward.

[Link] layering involves mounding the medium

around the base of a multi-stem plant to induce

root development at the base of the stems.

[Link] layering occurs when the stems are

bent to the ground and part of the stem is covered

with medium but the shoot tip remains uncovered.
4. Trench layering, the entire branch is bent over
and laid flat on the bottom of a trench 8 to 23 cm
deep.
The plant is then covered with medium and axillary

shoots root and grow upward through the medium.

5. Air layering, a moistened medium such as

sphagnum moss peat is wrapped around a

wounded area on the stem and covered with plastic

or some other type of water-retentive wrap.

6. Serpentine Layering, Similar to trench layering
except that individual nodes are covered with
media.
 there is an alteration where every second node is

covered .
 Most effective with plats that have flexible wood
Note, Due to the labor-intensive nature of layering

and the large amount of space needed for both the

stock plant and layers, layering is rarely done on a

commercial scale in floriculture.

 [Link]
Grafting is a horticultural technique used to join

parts from two or more plants so that they appear

to grow as a single plant.
The upper part (scion) of one plant grows on the

root system (rootstock) of another plant

Its reasonably done between closely related plants

Most often the limits of success are with other spp,

in the same genus, though in some cases plants in

different but closely related genera can graft
successfully.
 Reasons for grafting
 propagate species or cultivars which cannot be

propagated by other methods,

 enhance vigor, or

 create a unique plant with improved characteristics

compared with the individual plants.

 For example, hybrid tea roses (Rosa hybrid) often grow

poorly on their own roots but

grow better when grafted onto the roots of a vigorous

rootstock, which may have inferior flowers.

Perpetuating clones that cannot be readily propagated

by cutting, layers, division or other asexual methods.

Obtaining the benefits of certain rootstocks

Changing cultivars of established plants (top working)

 Reduction in juvenility & Precocity in bearing

Repairing the damaged parts of trees

To shorten the time between breeding cycles.

Graft incompatibility: is failure of two plant parts to form a

successful union.

Elements for successful grafting

 The rootstock and scion must be compatible.

 The vascular cambium of the scion must be placed in

intimate contact with that of the rootstock.

 The grafting operation must be done at a time when the

rootstock and scion are in the proper physiological stage.

 Proper care must be given to the grafts for some period of

 Unfortunately, grafting has limitations.

 The more close the two plants botanically, the more

likely the graft will be successful.

 Grafting is most successful when both plants are of

the same species.

 Grafting between different species of the same

genus is also likely to be successful but not

 Grafting Techniques:

[Link]-and-Tongue Graft

It is the most commonly used to graft nursery crops or

ornamentals.

Both the rootstock and scion should be of equal size and

preferably no more than 1/2 inch in diameter. It is usually used

for grafting relatively small material about 6 to 13 mm in

diameter.

It is highly successful if done properly because there is a

considerable vascular cambium contact.

The scion contains two or three buds with the graft

made in the smooth internode area below the lower

bud.

The same slanting cut of the same length and angle is

made in top of the root stock & bottom-of the scion.

On each of these cut surfaces, a reverse cut is made.

It should be about ½ the length of the first cut.

The rootstock and scion are then inserted into

each other, with the tongues interlocking.

It is extremely important that the vascular

cambium layer match along at least one side,

preferably along both sides.

After the scion and rootstock are fitted together,

they are securely held by tying with budding

rubber strips, plastic (poly/budding) grafting tape.

 2. Splice Graft
It is the same as the whip-and-tongue graft, except that the

second, or “tongue,” cut is not made in either rootstock or

scion.

The same slanting cut of the same length and angle is made in

either the rootstock or scion.

These are placed together and wrapped or tied .

The splice graft is particularly useful in grafting plants that

have a very pithy stem or that have a wood that is not flexible

enough to permit a tight fit when a tongue is made as in the

whip-and-tongue graft.

Splice graft is simple and easy to make.

 3. Cleft Graft (Split graft)
The cleft or split graft is one of the oldest methods of

field grafting.

It is used to top working trees, either in the trunk of a

small tree or in the branches of large trees.

 Although cleft grating can be done anytime during the

dormant season, the chance for successful healing of

the graft union are best if the work is done in early

spring just when the buds of the rootstock are

beginning to swell, but before active growth started.

In sawing off the branch for this and other top

working methods, the cut should be made at

right angles to the main axis of the branch.

In making the cleft graft, a heavy knife, such as

butcher knife is used to make a vertical split for

a distance of 5 to 8cm down a center of the

stub to be grafted.
Two scions are inserted.

 One of each side of the stock where vascular

cambium layer is located.

The scions should be 8 to 10cm in thickness, and

should have two or three buds.

The basal end of each scion should be cut into a gently

sloping wedge about 5cm long.

Thorough waxing of the completed graft is essential.

 4. Bark Graft (Rind Graft)

Bark grafting is done in top working established plants.

 The rootstock must be in active stage of growth so that the

bark will slip.

The scion is inserted between the bark and wood of the

rootstock.

Bark grafting can be performed on branches ranging from

2.5cm up to 30cm or move in diameter.

 Scions must be collected during the dormant season and held

under refrigeration.
 5. Approach Graft

 The distinguishing feature of approach grafting is that two

independent, self-sustaining plants are grafted together.

 After a union is occur a top of rootstock plant is removed above

the graft and the base of scion plant is removed below the graft.

 This type of grafting should be done at times of the year when

growth is active and rapid healing of the graft union will take

place.

 Approach grafting provides a means of establishing a graft union

between certain plants in which successful graft unions are

 6. Inarching

 Inarching is similar to approach grafting in that both rootstock

and scion plants are on its own roots at time of grafting.

 It differs in that the top of the rootstock plant usually does not

extend above the point of graft union as it does in approach

grafting.

 Inarching is used to replace roots damaged by cultivation

equipment, rodents, or diseases.

 It can be used to very good advantage in saving a valuable tree

or improving its root system.

 [Link] Grafting
 Bridge grafting is another form of repair grafting used when there

is injury to the trunk,

 If the damage to the bark is extensive, the tree is almost certain to

die, because the roots will be deprived of their carbohydrate supply

from the top of the tree.

 Bridge grafting is best performed as active growth of the tree is

beginning and the bark is slipping easily.

 The scion should be obtained when dormant; one-year-old growth.

 After all the scions have been inserted, the cut surfaces must be

thoroughly covered with grafting wax, particularly care being taken

to work the wax around the scions, especially at graft unions.

 [Link]
In contrast to grafting, in which the scion consists of a short

detached piece of stem tissue with several buds,

 budding utilizes only one bud and a small section of bark,
with or without wood.

Budding is often termed as “bud grafting” since the

physiological processes involved are the same as in grafting.

Budding may result in a stronger union, particularly during

the first few years, than grafting, and thus the shoots are

not as likely to blow out in strong winds.

Budding makes more economical use of propagating

wood than grafting, each bud potentially being capable

of producing a new plant.

 This may be quite important if propagating wood is

scarce.

In addition, the techniques involved in budding are

simple and can be performed easily by amateur.

In budding it is important to use vegetative rather than

flower buds.
 Rootstocks for Budding
It should have the desired characteristics of vigor

growth habit, healthy and resistance to soil-born

pests, as well as being easily propagated.

 This rootstock plant may be a rooted cutting, a

rooted layer, or more commonly, a seedling (I.e. a

rootstock developed from seed).

Usually, seedlings nursed for one year are

sufficient to produce a rootstock that is large

enough to be budded.
  Techniques of budding

1 T-budding (shield budding): T-budding is the most

common method of budding and is widely used by

nurserymen in propagating nursery stock of most fruit

tree species, roses, and ornamental shrubs.

A technique involving a T- shaped cut in the rootstock with

the scion consisting of a single bud.

 It use is limited to stocks that are about 6-25 mm in

diameter, and are actively growing so that the bark will

The bud is inserted into the stock 5-25 cm above the

soil level in a smooth bark surface.

It is advisable to place the bud against the wind ward

side.
 When rows of closely planted rootstocks are budded, it

is more convenient to have all the buds on the same

side for later inspection and manipulations.
 2. Inverted T- budding

In rainy localities, water running down the stem of the

rootstock may enter the T-cut, soak under the bark, and

prevent the shield piece from healing into place.

Under such conditions an inverted T-bud may give better

results, since it is more likely to shed excess water.

In species that bleed badly during budding, the inverted T-

bud allows better drainage and better healing.

 3. Patch budding

a rectangular patch of bark is removed completely from the

bark of the stock and replaced with a patch of bark of the

same size containing a bud of the cultivar to be propagated.

 It requires that the bark of both the stock and bud- stick be

slipping easily.

 Patch budding is somewhat slower and more difficult to

perform than T-budding, but it is widely and successfully

used on thick-barked species.

 4.I - budding
In I-budding the bud patch is cut just as for patch

budding, that is, in the form of a rectangle or square.

Then, with parallel bladed knife (the same as for patch

budding), two transverse cuts are made through the

bark of the stock.
These are joined at their centers by a single vertical

cut to produce the figure I.

The two flaps of bark can then be raised for insertion

of the bud patch beneath them.

I-budding should be considered for use when the bark

of the stock is much thicker than that of the bud stick.

  [Link] budding

Chip budding can be used at times when the bark is not

slipping, that is, before growth starts or when active growth

has stopped prematurely owing to lack of water or some

other cause.

Chip budding is really a form of grafting, a variation of the

side-veneer graft, with the scion reduced to a small piece of

wood containing only a single bud.

Chip budding is widely used in propagating grapes on

nematode resistant rootstock.

In chip budding, as in the other methods, the stock is not cut

back above the bud until the union is complete.

 [Link] by Specialized Stems and Roots
General information

Bulbs, Corms, Tubers, Rhizomes, are specialized

vegetative structures that function primarily in the

storage of food for the plant’s survival during adverse

environmental time.

 Plants possessing these modified plant parts are

generally herbaceous perennials in which the shoots

die down at the end of the growing season, and

 the plant survives in the ground as a dormant, fleshy

These specialized organs also function in vegetative

propagation.

 The propagation procedure that utilizes the

production of naturally detachable structures, such as

the bulb and corm, is generally spoken of as

separation.

 In cases in which the plant is cut into sections, as is

done with the rhizome, stem tuber, and tuberous root,

 [Link]

Micropropagation is the development of new plants on

an artificial medium under aseptic conditions from very

small pieces of plants, such as embryos, seeds, stems,

shoot tips, root tips, callus, single cells and pollen

grains.

 “Micro-or in vitro propagation offers the potential to

produce a virtually unlimited number of identical plants

from one original plant.

In practice, however, in-vitro propagation is often

elaborate, time consuming, and expensive.

Regardless, numerous plant species including,

Alstroemeria, hybrid lilies (Lilium) Gerbera, orchids

(Orchidaceae), and numerous foliage plant species are

commercially propagated through micropropagation.

Micropropagation is especially important in the production

of disease-free stock plants, such as with geraniums

(Pelargonium) and carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus).

Chapter 4: Landscaping