DIRECT DYE
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeLCVV0iD
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IIT,DELHI
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Introduction
• Also known as substantive
– Have excellent
dyes for textile materials
substantivity (Cotton, Viscose cellulosic
etc.)
• Have direct affinity for cellulosic fibres when applied from an aqueous
solution
• Direct dyes are sodium salts of aromatic sulphonic acids and most of
them contain azo group as the main chromophore
– Can be denoted as DSO3Na
– (Many of the direct dyes are based on direct amines)
• These dyes are Sodium salts of aromatic sulphonic acids
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• Direct dyes are cheap dyes and they can be
very easily dyed onto cellulosic fibre.
• Direct dyes are generally defined as anionic
dyes which have affinity for cellulosic fibres
and generally dyed from water in presence of
salt.
• So this dyes are anionic in character and salt
is required.
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Affinity and Substantivity
• Affinity is the force of attraction between the
dye and the fibre and it can be quantified by
kcal/mol,joule/mole.
• Substantivity is also the force of attraction
between dye and fibre but not quantifiable.
Due to substantivity the dye is hold onto the
material and cannot come back into the liquor
again.
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Groups for Substantive /Direct Dye
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Properties of direct dyes
•Direct dye has sodium salt of sulphonic acid or carboxylic acid
group .So it is easily dissolve in water.
•Direct dyes are water soluble dyes.
• It is anionic in nature.
•It needs electrolyte for exhaustion.
•Dyeing process is carried out in alkaline condition.
•Generally applied for cellulosic as well as protein fibers.
•Fastness properties are improved by after treatment.
Wash fastness is not so good 2-3
•It is not widely used as compared with reactive dyes.
• Comparatively cheap in price.
•Direct dyes are used for cheap goods for local market.
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Classification of Direct Dyes
• Class A: Self-levelling Dyes
– Dyeing may be uneven in the initial stages
but they get levelled on prolonged dyeing because of better
migration properties
– Do not require salt for exhaustion
• Class B: Salt-controllable Dyes
– Do not migrate well
– Require salt addition for increased exhaustion
– If uneven dyeing takes place initially, it is very difficult to correct the
• dyeing
• Class C: Temperature –controllable dyes
– Similar to Class B type
– Levelling properties is poor
– Sensitive to salt and exhaustion cannot be controlled with salt alone
– Exhaustion is controlled by controlled rise of dye bath temperature
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• When cotton is immersed in a solution of
a direct dye the following
mechanism takes place
– Adsorbsion
• Dye molecules move towards the fibre
• Get adsorbed on the fibre surface
– Absorbsion or penetration
• Adsorbed dye penetrate inside the fibre structure
• Gradually penetrate or ‘diffuse’ inside the structure
• Rate of penetration depends on the molecular structure of the dye and
dyeing condition
• Greater the penetration of the dye in the fibre, better and brighter is the
dyeing
– Fixation
• Fixation takes place by means of hydrogen bonds and vanderwaals
forces of attraction 11
Effect of electrolyte
• Addition of salt in dyeing promotes exhaustion
• When cellulose are immersed in water they acquire a
small negative charge known as ‘zeta potential
• In an aqueous bath containing both fibre and direct
dye, the latter being anionic will be repelled by the
negative surface charge on the fibre
• Little or no exhaustion will take place
• When electrolyte such as Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is
added to the bath, it ionizes into sodium cations and
chloride anions.
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• The sodium cations neutralize or reduce the negative
charge on the fibre surface and the dye anion in the
bath, repelled by the chloride anions move to the
fibre where they are adsorbed
• The dye anion are much larger than the chloride
anions, but they have a greater substantivity for the
cellulose fibre and therefore quickly absorbed by the
almost neutral fibre surface
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Exhaustion %
Salt %
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• The amount of dye taken by the fibre depends on the
temperature of dyeing
• The rate of dyeing increases with rise in temperature
• So, uneven dyeing can take place at elevated temperature
• Therefore, it is always advised to start the dyeing the
dyeing at room temperature and then the temperature is
raised to maximum dyeing temperature
• As the temperature rises, the rate at
which equilibrium is attained increases until it reaches the
maximum
• Affinity however decreases with further increase in
temperature
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• Dyeing exhaustion is governed by liquor ratio but other factors such as
solubility of dyes in water ,levelling properties have to be taken into
consideration.
• Exhaustion percentage continues to increase as the concentration of
dye in the liquor becomes greater.
• Dyeing a short liquor ratio is an important factor in economizing in
dyestuff consumption.
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Effect of particle size
•The smaller particle size, the more penetration of dye
molecules into the fibre.
•Dye particles is penetrated into the fibre by using
electrolyte.
Effect of Concentration
•The greater density of dye solution the more
absorption of dye to the fibre.
•The lower density ,The lower absorption.
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After Treatment of Direct Dyes
• To improve the wash fastness property
– By increasing the molecular weight and thus
decreasing the solubility in water after dyeing
– Cannot be applicable for all the dyes as colour
of the final product
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Process:
1. Treatment with Metallic salts
• Treatment with copper salts
• Treatment with chromium compounds
2. Treatment with formaldehyde
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Cotton Dyeing with direct dye
Typical recipe -
Wetting agent=1-2 g/l
Sequestering agent=1-2g/l
Levelling agent=0.5-1.0 g/l
Direct dyes =0.4%
Glauber salt =5g/l(<0.5% shade= 5g/L; 1-2% shade= 10-20 g/L;
2-4% shade= 20-30 g/L; >4% shade= 30-40 g/L)
Soda Ash=1g/l
Temperature=95-100 ˚c
Time=30-50min
PH=Neutral to alkaline
M:L=1:10
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Fig: Dyeing of Direct dye
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Bath-II(For cotton dyeing)
• Dye bath is set at 40°C with substrate ,Soda Ash,
wetting agent, sequestering agent & levelling agent.
• Run 5 minute & then dye dosing is done for 10-
15minute.
• Then temperature is raised to 100°C by
2°C/min.50%salt is added during temperature raising
& rest 50%salt is added after reaching temperature at
100°C & then dye bath is run for 40-60minute.
• Finally bath drop & Rinsing is done.
• Then soaping is done at 90°C temperature.
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Aftertreatment:
In after-treatment process a suitable fixing agent is used for
improving wash fastness properties which is generally done at
30-40℃, sometimes at 60℃ for 15-20 min or according to
vendor recommendation. After that a cationic softener is added
to the last rinsing bath for improving handle of the fabric. This
process is done at 40-50℃ for 15-20 min.
The following recipe can be followed for the improvement of the
(wash & light) fastness:
•Bicromate or Fitcary – 0.5-2%
•Copper sulfate – 0.5-2%
•Acetic acid – 1-5%
•Temperature- 80℃
•Time – 30 min
•M:L – 1:10
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After Treatment
• To improve the wash fastness property
– By increasing the molecular weight and thus
decreasing the solubility in water after dyeing
– Cannot be applicable for all the dyes as colour
of the final product
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changes
1. Treatment with Metallic salts
• Treatment with copper salts
• Treatment with chromium compounds
2. Treatment with formaldehyde
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Commercial Name of Direct dye
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Why Direct Dye Is So Called?
These dyes are anionic and having substantivity
for all type of cellulosic fibres such as cotton,
viscose, rayon etc. These dyes have strong
affinity towards the fibre which can be applied
directly on the fibre and which do not need any
assistance. These dyes have affinity for cellulose
and therefore they are also substantive dyes. So,
this dye is so called.
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Stripping of Direct Dyes
• It is very easy to strip the direct dyes if these have not been
after treated.
• The colors can be destroyed by boiling with sodium dithionite
Na2S2O4.H2O
• Or by bleaching with hypochlorite solution containing 1-2gm/l
of available chlorine.
• If a cationic agent has been used as an after treatment, it is
removed by boiling with 1-2% formic acid before destroying
color with either reduction or oxidation.
• For materials after treated with metal salts, the metal is first
removed by boiling with a metal sequestering agent like
sodium salt of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) in a
concentration of 3g/l and then the dye is decomposed by the
usual treatment with hydros or chlorine. 33
