Module
1
Principles of Electrical Engineering: Circuits and Power conversion
equipment
Electric circuit components
Mesh current analysis
Node voltage analysis
Thevenin's theorem
Superposition theorem
Single phase AC circuits- RL, RC, RLC
Power and Energy Calculations, Power Factor
Basics of Electrical Safety and Earthing
Introduction to electro mechanical energy conversion
Principle of operationof Electrical Machines: DC Motor,
Induction motors, BLDC Motor and single-phase Transformer
Concepts of Power Electronics and Industrial Applications of
Electrical Drives (Qualitative Analysis)
1
1.9 Electromechnical Energy
Conversion
Electromechanical energy conversion refers to the
process where electrical energy is transformed
into mechanical energy, or vice versa, within a
system
This conversion typically involves the use of a
coupling field, either electric or magnetic, and is
achieved through devices like electric motors
(electrical to mechanical) and generators
(mechanical to electrical)
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DC Machines
A highly versatile machine that operates with DC
supply to generate unidirectional torque or current
is known as DC machine
It works on the principle of Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction
Fleming’s left and right-hand rules are used to
determine the direction of torque or current
developed in the DC machine
In general, the DC machine can be constructed in
many forms to use for various purposes
The size of a DC machine varies from very small
machine used in a quartz crystal watch, to a
giant, 75,000 kW or more rolling-mill machine
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DC Machines
It is also easilyadaptable for drives with a
wide rangeof speed control and fast reversal
Depending on the generation of torque or emf
generated, a
DC machine is classified as DC motor and DC
generator
If the DC machinegenerates
unidirectional current, it is called
DC generator
If the DC machine is used to generate
unidirectional
torque, then it is called DC motor
We shall discuss the following machines separately:
DC GENERATOR
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DC MOTOR
DC Motor - Construction
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Componen
ts
Magnetic frame or yoke
Pole cores and pole shoes
Field or exciting windings
Armature core and windings
Commutators
Brushes
End housings
Bearings
Shaft
The above nine parts can be grouped into four
major components, namely magnetic field
system, armature, commutator and brush
assembly
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DC Motor -
Construction
Is exactly similar to a DC generator
The important parts are: yoke or frame,
main field system, brushes, armatures and
commutator
The functions of certain components vary with
respect to a DC motor
In a DC motor, the commutator is used to
convert the alternating torque produced in
the armature into a unidirectional torque
A separate supply is given to armature
winding to produce the required torque in the
armature
The electrical power is converted into a
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mechanical power in the armature winding
DC Motor - Working
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DC Motor - Working
A DC motor is a machine which converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy
It is generally used in locations where it gets
exposed to
various environmental conditions and damages
Hence, a DC motor needs to be drip-proof, fire-
proof, etc., according to the requirement
The principle of a DC motor is that when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
the conductor experiences a mechanical force
and its direction is determined by using
Fleming’s left-hand rule
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DC Motor - Working
When the field windings wound on the poles are
excited by a DC source, the poles get
magnetised and a strong magnetic flux is
produced
In such a magnetic field, consider a single armature
coil
When a DC supply is used to excite this armature
coil, the current flows through the coil. Due to this,
the armature coil creates its own magnetic field
Here, due to the interaction between these two
fields, a
resultant field, F is developed
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DC Motor - Working
This resultant field has a tendency to align
with the main field position i.e., it tries to
align itself along a straight line and hence a
force is exerted on the armature coil and a
torque is developed, which helps in rotating
the armature coil
The working of a DC motor can also be
explained using the mmf developed due to
these two fluxes,
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DC Motor - Working
The mmf developed due to the main field is given
by Fm, whose direction is indicated in previous slide
The mmf is also developed due to the field
produced in the armature when the armature
windings are excited by a DC source -It is denoted
as Fr
Fr is perpendicular to Fm
Fr tries to align with Fm and thus an
electromagnetic torque, T is developed in clockwise
direction and hence the armature starts rotating
in the same direction with an angular speed of
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DC Motor - Types
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DC Motor -
Applications
DC Shunt Motor
Used in applications where constant speed is
required.
Used in applications where adjustable speed in the
range of 2 : 1, along with a medium starting-torque
is required
Used in lathe machine, centrifugal pumps,
fans and blowers, machine tools like wood
working machines, reciprocating pumps, spinning
and weaving machines etc.
DC Series Motor
Used in applications where variable speed
and high starting-torque are required
Used in traction work, electric locomotives, rapid
transit systems, trolleys, cars, cranes, conveyors14
DC Motor -
Applications
DC Compound Motor
Used in applications where high starting-
torque and
moderately constant speed are required
Used in devices like elevators, conveyors, heavy
planers, rolling mills, ice machines, printing
presses and air compressors
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