TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
BY-N.N.AZAD
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CONTENTS
WHAT IS AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
HISTORY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
TYPES OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
TYPES OF FLIGHT RULES
DIVISIONS OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM
AIRPORT CONTROL
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERS
DISCIPLINES OF AIRPORT CONTROL
RADAR CONTROL FACILITIES
DEPARTURE OF AIR CRAFTS
EN-ROUTE,CENTRE OR AREA CONTROL
CALL SIGNS
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS
CONCLUSION
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HISTORY OF ATC
Croydon Airport in London was the
first airport in the world to introduce
air traffic control in 1921.
During ww1 many European
bombers became light cargo
carriers .
Therefore new airmail service was
needed, to avoid collisions due to
poor visibility
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WHAT IS AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL
Air traffic control(ATC) is a service
provided by ground based controllers
who direct aircraft on the ground and in
the air.
Ensures safety and security of private
and commercial aircrafts.
The controllers coordinate the
movements of thousands of aircraft,
keep them at certain distance, direct
them during movements, around bad
weather and ensure smooth flow with
minimal delays. 4
Purpose of ATC
Primary purpose is providing
guidance to the pilot whose vision
may be obstructed during landing
and take off.
Ensures efficient movement of
traffic .
Maintains schedule of flights and
avoids delays and discomfort to
passengers.
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TYPES OF AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL
1.En-route controllers
Ensures the safe management of the
aircraft on mainland and on oceanic
routes.
2.Terminal area controllers
Uses radar system to manage the
orderly flow of aircraft arriving and
departing from major city airports.
3.Tower controllers
These controllers are responsible for all
aircraft and vehicle movements on the
taxi ways ,runways and the immediate 6
FLIGHT RULES
There are two types of flight rules for
air traffic
Visual Flight Rules(VFR)
• Operated under good weather
conditions.
• Flight under VFR is described as clear
weather flying.
Instrument Flight Rules(IFR)
• Operated during poor visibility.
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•
DIVISIONS OF AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL SYSTEM
Air Traffic Control System Command
Center (ATCSCC)
Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC)
Terminal Radar Approach Control(TRACON)
Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT)
Flight Service Station(FSS)
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Air traffic control center
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DEPARTURE OF AIRCRAFTS
The TRANSPONDER detects the incoming
radar signals and broadcasts an amplified,
encoded radio signals in the direction of
the detected radar wave.
The DEPARTURE CONTROLLER, located in
the TRACON facility monitors the aircraft
and maintain safe distance between
ascending aircraft by instructing the pilot.
The CENTER or ARTCC CONTROLLER
passes an updated flight progress slip and
distributes it to new controller.
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AIRPORT CONTROL
The primary method of controlling the
airport environment is visual observation
from the control which is a tall, windowed
structure at the airport.
Tower controllers are responsible for the
separation and efficient movement of
aircraft and vehicles operating on the
taxiways of the airport.
Controllers may use a radar display
system called Secondary Surveillance or
Airport Surveillance Radar for airborne
traffic approaching and departing. 12
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
TOWERS
Amsterdam’s Airport Chicago’s
Airport
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DISCIPLINES OF AIRPORT
CONTROL
Ground control: It is responsible for the
airport maneuvering areas or areas not
released to the airlines or other users.
Local or Air control: It is responsible for the
active runway surfaces.
Clearance Delivery: It is responsible for
ensuring that the aircraft has the proper
route and slot time.
Apron control: It exists at extremely busy
airports.
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EN-ROUTE,CENTER OR AREA
CONTROL
En-route air traffic controllers work in
facilities called Area Control Centers.
Centers control IFR aircraft from the time
they depart an airport or terminal area’s
airspace to the time they arrive at another
airport.
Centers may also pick up VFR aircraft that
are already airborne and integrate them
into IFR system.
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RADAR CONTROL
FACILITIES(TRACON)
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RADAR COVERAGE
Centers use long range radar to
control a large space area.
Centers may use TRACON radar
data to control to provide better
picture of the traffic.
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AIR ROUTE
SURVEILLANCE
RADAR
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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AIDS
ENROUTE AIDS OR AIRWAY AIDS
o AIRWAY BEACON
o AIR TO GROUND COMMUNICATION
o AIR ROUTE SURVEILLANCE RADAR(ARSR)
o DIRECTION FINDER
o DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT(DME)
o TACTICAL AIR NAVIGATION SYSTEM(TACAN)
o MARKER BEACON
o LOW/MEDIUM FREQUENCY RADIO RANGE(LF/MF)
o VERY HIGH FREQUENCY OMNI-DIRECTIONAL
RANGE(VOR)
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LANDING AIDS OR TERMINAL AIDS
o AIRPOT SERVICE DETECTION EQUIPMENT
o AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR(SAR)
o PRECISION APPROACH RADAR
o INSTRUMENTATION LANDING SYSTEM(ILS)
LOCALISER ANTENNA
GUID SLOPE ANTENNA
OUTER AND MIDDLE MARKERS
o APPROACH FLIGHT
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TECHNOLOGIES IN AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL
Conflict Alert (CA)
Minimum safe altitude warning
Area Penetration Warning (APW)
Mode S
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PROBLEMS OF AIR TRAFFIC
CONTROL
Weather
conditions
Traffic
Accidents
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SOLUTIONS
New area control centre at Swan
wick
Modern software developed by
FAA and NASA
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CONCLUSION
The Air Traffic Control (ATC) is the third
busiest in the country handling over 250
movements (landing and takeoff)
everyday.
Besides regulating the large volume of air
traffic, handling test and military flights
with varied aircraft speed.
The ATC is, bracing up to meet the growing
demands of an ever-increasing fleet of
commercial, civil and military aircraft-
more air traffic control officers and new
radar systems.
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