OSI network layer
CCNA Exploration Semester 1 Chapter 5
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
OSI network layer
OSI model layer 3 TCP/IP model Internet layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
HTTP, FTP, TFTP, SMTP etc
Data stream Segment
Application Transport Internet Network Access
TCP, UDP
Packet
Frame Bits
IP
Ethernet, WAN technologies
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Network layer topics
IP version 4 the most common layer 3 routed protocol Dividing hosts into groups why and how
Routing sending packets the right way
Routing how routers learn routes IP addressing in chapter 6
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Purpose of layer 3
Decide how to get the data from source to destination, then route it.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Layer 3 protocol
A layer 3 protocol such as IP version 4 must: Provide an addressing scheme to identify networks and individual hosts Encapsulate a segment from layer 4 into a packet and include addresses Direct the packet across one or many networks to the destination host Decapsulate (remove the packet header) and give the segment to layer 4.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Network layer protocols
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) the most common Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) designed to replace version 4 eventually Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) AppleTalk
Connectionless Network Service (CLNS/DECNet)
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
IP characteristics
Designed with low overhead for speed it does only what it needs to do. Connectionless does not set up connection with destination before sending packet. Best effort (unreliable) no guarantee of safe delivery, no checking or resending.
Independent of media, but does need to know maximum packet size.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
Network layer encapsulation
Segment from transport layer
Packet header added to make IP packet
Sent to data link layer for further encapsulation into frame
8
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
IPv4 packet header fields
IP address of source host, needed so reply can be sent. IP address of destination host, needed so routers can find route.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
IPv4 packet header fields
Reduced by 1 at each router. Packet dropped if it goes to 0. TCP or UDP used in Transport layer.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
10
IPv4 packet header fields
Priority for QoS. E.g. voice data has higher priority than e-mail. For checking if header has been corrupted.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
11
IPv4 packet header fields
Shows if packet has been fragmented or must not be fragmented. If router has to split a packet, this gives order for putting pieces together.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
12
IPv4 packet header fields
Version 4. Header length. Length of whole packet.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
13
IP header
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
14
Splitting up networks
Fully switched network, each device has its own bandwidth. You could have hundreds of computers. Why split it up? Too large to manage efficiently Too much broadcast traffic - congestion Too many addresses for switches to remember
Lack of security
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
15
How to split the network
Geographically different sites Purpose what software and shared resources do people use? How much bandwidth do they use? Ownership different companies or departments in a company, security requirements
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
16
Use a router
Limits broadcasts Can provide security Addressing scheme based on networks - hierarchical
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
17
IPv4 hierarchical address
32 bits in four 8-bit octets, written in decimal Network part then host part Here network part (prefix) is 24 bits /24 Length of network part can vary.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
18
Message to same network
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
19
Message to different network
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
20
Default gateway
Each PC is configured with an IP address and a default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of a router port on the same network as the PC. It is the routers job to handle messages to other networks.
Each router port is on a different network and has a different IP address.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
21
Hops
A packet may pass through many routers on its journey. The trip from one router to the next is called a hop and the next router is called the next hop router. Each router looks at the IP address in the packet header and decides what to do with the packet next.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
22
Routing table and forwarding
Each router has a routing table. This contains a list of known networks and the best way to get there outgoing port and address of next-hop router. The router looks at the IP address of a packet. It decides which network this address is on. If it knows the network it forwards the packet. If it does not know the network it drops the packet.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
23
Directly connected
The networks of the routers own interfaces go into the routing table.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
24
Other networks
Routes to other networks can be configured by an administrator (static routes) Or they can be learned from another router using a routing protocol (dynamic routes) A router can have a default route. Packets for unknown networks go on this route instead of being dropped.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
25
Routing table entries
Directly connected shown by C
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
26
Routing table entries
Static, configured by administrator, shown by S
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
27
Routing table entries
Default, configured by administrator, shown by S*
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
28
Routing table entries
Learned from another router using RIP routing protocol, shown by R
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
29
Router has a route
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
30
Routing protocols
Routers learn routes from each other and put them in their routing tables. A routing protocol is the set of rules they use to swap information. These routes are dynamic routes
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
31
Static routes
Entered by administrator
Dynamic routes
Learned from other routers Start the protocol then it runs by itself
Time consuming, different for each router
Must be updated if routes change
Little processing No bandwidth used Gives nothing away
Automatically updates when routes change
More processing Uses bandwidth Gives away information
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
32
Summary
Hierarchical Design model addresses performance, scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network performance. Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access Distribution
Core
Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the business.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
33
Labs & Activities
Type PT Lab PT Lab Detail 1.2.4 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3
Mandatory* Mandatory Mandatory Review carefully
* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
34
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Public
35
