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This document lists common C++ header files and standard functions. It provides a brief description of functions in headers like cassert, cctype, cmath, cstdlib, cstring, and others. Functions like assert, isalnum, ceil, atoi, strcat, and cout are described. The document serves as a reference for commonly used C++ functions organized by header file.
This document provides an overview of strings in Python. It discusses how to create, access, update, and format strings. Various string methods and operators are also described, including slicing, concatenation, formatting, escaping characters, and more. Built-in string methods allow manipulation of strings through actions like capitalization, padding, stripping, counting occurrences, and other processing of string values.
This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It describes Python as a multi-purpose, object-oriented language that is interpreted, dynamically typed and focuses on readability. It lists several major organizations that use Python. It then provides examples of basic Python programs and covers key Python concepts like variables, data types, strings, comments, functions and more in under 3 sentences each.
Python supports four main numerical types - integers, long integers, floating point numbers, and complex numbers. It provides various functions for mathematical, random number, trigonometric operations and constants like pi and e. Numbers are immutable and created using literals or by assigning values. The del statement can delete single or multiple number references.
The document discusses strings in C programming. It defines strings as sequences of characters stored as character arrays that are terminated with a null character. It covers string literals, declaring and initializing string variables, reading and writing strings, and common string manipulation functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), and strcat(). These functions allow operations on strings like getting the length, copying strings, comparing strings, and concatenating strings.
This document provides information about Ruby strings, including:
- Strings can be created using single or double quotes, and support escape characters
- Strings support expression interpolation using #{expression}
- Methods like gsub, slice, and split can be used to manipulate and extract parts of strings
- Built-in string methods allow tasks like changing case, formatting strings, searching/matching substrings
- Strings have methods for operations like concatenation, comparison, indexing, and conversion between other types
• List is a collection, which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection, which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection, which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection, which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
: String, List, Tuple, Dictionary
• List is a collection, which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection, which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection, which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection, which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
The document discusses strings in C including how to declare, initialize, input, output, and manipulate strings using standard library functions as well as how to manage arrays of strings. It provides examples of declaring and initializing strings, using scanf and gets to input strings, common string manipulation functions like strlen and strcpy, and demonstrates how to work with arrays of strings such as storing and sorting a list of names.
This document discusses handling character strings in C. It covers:
1. How strings are stored in memory as ASCII codes appended with a null terminator.
2. Common string operations like reading, comparing, concatenating and copying strings.
3. How to initialize, declare, read and write strings.
4. Useful string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() etc to perform various operations on strings.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays in C can store primitive data types like int, char, float, etc. Elements of an array are accessed using indexes and they are stored sequentially in memory. Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Common functions to manipulate strings include strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strrev(), strlwr(), and strupr().
The document provides an overview of key concepts in programming with examples, including:
- Identifiers, variables, data types, literals and constants
- Expressions, operators, precedence and order of evaluation
- Input/output using dialog boxes
- Common errors like syntax, runtime, logic errors
- Style and documentation guidelines
This document provides an overview of Python data types. It discusses numeric data types like integer and float, as well as sequence data types like strings, lists, and tuples. It also covers boolean, set, and dictionary data types. For each data type, it provides examples of how to define and use variables of that type in Python code, as well as built-in functions like type() and operations that can be performed. The document contains questions for readers and exercises to test understanding of Python data types.
Bsc cs i pic u-4 function, storage class and array and stringsRai University
The document discusses arrays and functions in C programming. It defines arrays as groups of related data items that share a common name. One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays are described. Functions are defined as reusable blocks of code that can take input arguments and return values. The key elements of functions like return values, arguments, and function calls are explained. Common string handling and mathematical functions are also summarized.
The document discusses strings in C++. It defines strings, describes how to declare and manipulate string objects using the string class in C++, and lists common string operations like concatenation, comparison, extracting substrings, searching/finding patterns, and inserting/replacing/deleting substrings. It also discusses how to work with C-style strings using functions in the <strings.h> library and character functions in <ctype.h>.
Btech i pic u-4 function, storage class and array and stringsRai University
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type under a common name. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access elements, while multi-dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts. Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Functions allow breaking programs into modular reusable units. Functions can take arguments, return values, or do both. Variables declared inside functions have automatic storage, while those outside have external storage. Arrays and strings can be passed to functions. Recursion occurs when a function calls itself.
Functions torage class and array and strings-aneebkmct
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type under a common name. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access elements, while multi-dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts. Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Functions allow breaking programs into smaller, reusable parts. Functions can accept arguments, return values, or have no arguments and return nothing. Variables declared inside functions have automatic storage, while those outside have external storage.
function, storage class and array and stringsRai University
The document discusses one-dimensional arrays in C programming. It defines arrays, explains how to declare and initialize them, and provides examples of accessing array elements. It also discusses reading and printing arrays, and summarizes common string handling functions in C like strcat(), strcmp(), and strcpy().
The document provides an overview of basic concepts in C++ including identifiers, keywords, data types, variables, constants, operators, and input/output. It discusses identifiers and keywords, the fundamental data types in C++ including integer, floating point, boolean, character, and strings. It covers declaring and initializing variables, the scope of variables, and different types of constants like literals, defined constants, and declared constants. It also provides examples of using the assignment operator and operators can be used as part of expressions.
This document provides information about Ruby strings, including:
- Strings can be created using single or double quotes, and support escape characters
- Strings support expression interpolation using #{expression}
- Methods like gsub, slice, and split can be used to manipulate and extract parts of strings
- Built-in string methods allow tasks like changing case, formatting strings, searching/matching substrings
- Strings have methods for operations like concatenation, comparison, indexing, and conversion between other types
• List is a collection, which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection, which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection, which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection, which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
: String, List, Tuple, Dictionary
• List is a collection, which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection, which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection, which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection, which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
The document discusses strings in C including how to declare, initialize, input, output, and manipulate strings using standard library functions as well as how to manage arrays of strings. It provides examples of declaring and initializing strings, using scanf and gets to input strings, common string manipulation functions like strlen and strcpy, and demonstrates how to work with arrays of strings such as storing and sorting a list of names.
This document discusses handling character strings in C. It covers:
1. How strings are stored in memory as ASCII codes appended with a null terminator.
2. Common string operations like reading, comparing, concatenating and copying strings.
3. How to initialize, declare, read and write strings.
4. Useful string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() etc to perform various operations on strings.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays in C can store primitive data types like int, char, float, etc. Elements of an array are accessed using indexes and they are stored sequentially in memory. Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Common functions to manipulate strings include strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strrev(), strlwr(), and strupr().
The document provides an overview of key concepts in programming with examples, including:
- Identifiers, variables, data types, literals and constants
- Expressions, operators, precedence and order of evaluation
- Input/output using dialog boxes
- Common errors like syntax, runtime, logic errors
- Style and documentation guidelines
This document provides an overview of Python data types. It discusses numeric data types like integer and float, as well as sequence data types like strings, lists, and tuples. It also covers boolean, set, and dictionary data types. For each data type, it provides examples of how to define and use variables of that type in Python code, as well as built-in functions like type() and operations that can be performed. The document contains questions for readers and exercises to test understanding of Python data types.
Bsc cs i pic u-4 function, storage class and array and stringsRai University
The document discusses arrays and functions in C programming. It defines arrays as groups of related data items that share a common name. One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays are described. Functions are defined as reusable blocks of code that can take input arguments and return values. The key elements of functions like return values, arguments, and function calls are explained. Common string handling and mathematical functions are also summarized.
The document discusses strings in C++. It defines strings, describes how to declare and manipulate string objects using the string class in C++, and lists common string operations like concatenation, comparison, extracting substrings, searching/finding patterns, and inserting/replacing/deleting substrings. It also discusses how to work with C-style strings using functions in the <strings.h> library and character functions in <ctype.h>.
Btech i pic u-4 function, storage class and array and stringsRai University
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type under a common name. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access elements, while multi-dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts. Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Functions allow breaking programs into modular reusable units. Functions can take arguments, return values, or do both. Variables declared inside functions have automatic storage, while those outside have external storage. Arrays and strings can be passed to functions. Recursion occurs when a function calls itself.
Functions torage class and array and strings-aneebkmct
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type under a common name. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access elements, while multi-dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts. Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Functions allow breaking programs into smaller, reusable parts. Functions can accept arguments, return values, or have no arguments and return nothing. Variables declared inside functions have automatic storage, while those outside have external storage.
function, storage class and array and stringsRai University
The document discusses one-dimensional arrays in C programming. It defines arrays, explains how to declare and initialize them, and provides examples of accessing array elements. It also discusses reading and printing arrays, and summarizes common string handling functions in C like strcat(), strcmp(), and strcpy().
The document provides an overview of basic concepts in C++ including identifiers, keywords, data types, variables, constants, operators, and input/output. It discusses identifiers and keywords, the fundamental data types in C++ including integer, floating point, boolean, character, and strings. It covers declaring and initializing variables, the scope of variables, and different types of constants like literals, defined constants, and declared constants. It also provides examples of using the assignment operator and operators can be used as part of expressions.
11th International Conference on Data Mining (DaMi 2025)kjim477n
Welcome To DAMI 2025
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July 26 ~ 27, 2025, London, United Kingdom
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Top Cite Articles- International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intell...ijscai
International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Rearchitecturing a 9-year-old legacy Laravel application.pdfTakumi Amitani
An initiative to re-architect a Laravel legacy application that had been running for 9 years using the following approaches, with the goal of improving the system’s modifiability:
・Event Storming
・Use Case Driven Object Modeling
・Domain Driven Design
・Modular Monolith
・Clean Architecture
This slide was used in PHPxTKY June 2025.
https://phpxtky.connpass.com/event/352685/
This presentation highlights project development using software development life cycle (SDLC) with a major focus on incorporating research in the design phase to develop innovative solution. Some case-studies are also highlighted which makes the reader to understand the different phases with practical examples.
Impurities of Water and their Significance.pptxdhanashree78
Impart Taste, Odour, Colour, and Turbidity to water.
Presence of organic matter or industrial wastes or microorganisms (algae) imparts taste and odour to water.
Presence of suspended and colloidal matter imparts turbidity to water.
A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR ESTIMATING COST OF SOFTWARE PROJECTS USING A HY...ijfcstjournal
One of the major challenges for software, nowadays, is software cost estimation. It refers to estimating the
cost of all activities including software development, design, supervision, maintenance and so on. Accurate
cost-estimation of software projects optimizes the internal and external processes, staff works, efforts and
the overheads to be coordinated with one another. In the management software projects, estimation must
be taken into account so that reduces costs, timing and possible risks to avoid project failure. In this paper,
a decision- support system using a combination of multi-layer artificial neural network and decision tree is
proposed to estimate the cost of software projects. In the model included into the proposed system,
normalizing factors, which is vital in evaluating efforts and costs estimation, is carried out using C4.5
decision tree. Moreover, testing and training factors are done by multi-layer artificial neural network and
the most optimal values are allocated to them. The experimental results and evaluations on Dataset
NASA60 show that the proposed system has less amount of the total average relative error compared with
COCOMO model.
A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR ESTIMATING COST OF SOFTWARE PROJECTS USING A HY...ijfcstjournal
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Python programming unit 2 -Slides-3.ppt
1. 8. Python - Numbers
• Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable
data types, which means that changing the value of a number
data type results in a newly allocated object.
• Number objects are created when you assign a value to them.
For example:
var1 = 1
var2 = 10
• You can also delete the reference to a number object by
using the del statement. The syntax of the del statement is:
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using
the del statement. For example:
del var del var_a, var_b
2. Python supports four different numerical types:
• int (signed integers): often called just integers or ints, are positive or
negative whole numbers with no decimal point.
• long (long integers ): or longs, are integers of unlimited size, written like
integers and followed by an uppercase or lowercase L.
• float (floating point real values) : or floats, represent real numbers and are
written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts. Floats
may also be in scientific notation, with E or e indicating the power of 10
(2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250).
• complex (complex numbers) : are of the form a + bJ, where a and b are
floats and J (or j) represents the square root of -1 (which is an imaginary
number). a is the real part of the number, and b is the imaginary part.
Complex numbers are not used much in Python programming.
4. Number Type Conversion:
• Type int(x)to convert x to a plain integer.
• Type long(x) to convert x to a long integer.
• Type float(x) to convert x to a floating-point number.
• Type complex(x) to convert x to a complex number with real
part x and imaginary part zero.
• Type complex(x, y) to convert x and y to a complex number
with real part x and imaginary part y. x and y are numeric
expressions
5. Mathematical Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
abs(x) The absolute value of x: the (positive) distance between x and zero.
ceil(x) The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x
cmp(x, y) -1 if x < y, 0 if x == y, or 1 if x > y
exp(x) The exponential of x: e
x
fabs(x) The absolute value of x.
floor(x) The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x
log(x) The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0
log10(x) The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0 .
max(x1, x2,...) The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity
min(x1, x2,...) The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity
modf(x) The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts
have the same sign as x. The integer part is returned as a float.
pow(x, y) The value of x**y.
round(x [,n]) x rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds away from
zero as a tie-breaker: round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0.
sqrt(x) The square root of x for x > 0
6. Random Number Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
choice(seq) A random item from a list, tuple, or string.
randrange ([start,]
stop [,step])
A randomly selected element from range(start, stop,
step)
random() A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to
r and r is less than 1
seed([x]) Sets the integer starting value used in generating
random numbers. Call this function before calling
any other random module function. Returns None.
shuffle(lst) Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns
None.
uniform(x, y) A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to
r and r is less than y
7. Trigonometric Functions:
Function Description
acos(x) Return the arc cosine of x, in radians.
asin(x) Return the arc sine of x, in radians.
atan(x) Return the arc tangent of x, in radians.
atan2(y, x) Return atan(y / x), in radians.
cos(x) Return the cosine of x radians.
hypot(x, y) Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y).
sin(x) Return the sine of x radians.
tan(x) Return the tangent of x radians.
degrees(x) Converts angle x from radians to degrees.
radians(x) Converts angle x from degrees to radians.
9. 9. Python - Strings
• Strings are amongst the most popular types in Python. We
can create them simply by enclosing characters in quotes.
Python treats single quotes the same as double quotes.
• Creating strings is as simple as assigning a value to a
variable. For example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
10. Accessing Values in Strings:
• Python does not support a character type; these are treated as
strings of length one, thus also considered a substring.
• To access substrings, use the square brackets for slicing along with
the index or indices to obtain your substring:
• Example:
var 1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
print "var1[0]: ", var1[0]
print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5]
This will produce following result:
var1[0]: H
var2[1:5]: ytho
11. Updating Strings:
• You can "update" an existing string by (re)assigning a variable to
another string. The new value can be related to its previous value or to
a completely different string altogether.
• Example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
print "Updated String :- ", var1[:6] + 'Python'
This will produce following result:
Updated String :- Hello Python
12. Escape Characters:
Backslash Hexadecimal
Description
notation character
a 0x07 Bell or alert
b 0x08 Backspace
cx Control-x
C-x Control-x
e 0x1b Escape
f 0x0c Formfeed
M-C-x Meta-Control-x
n 0x0a Newline
nnn Octal notation, where n is in the range 0.7
r 0x0d Carriage return
s 0x20 Space
t 0x09 Tab
v 0x0b Vertical tab
x Character x
xnn Hexadecimal notation, where n is in the range 0.9,
a.f, or A.F
13. String Special Operators: Assume string variable a
holds 'Hello' and variable b holds 'Python' then:
Operator Description Example
+ Concatenation - Adds values on either
side of the operator
a + b will give HelloPython
* Repetition - Creates new strings,
concatenating multiple copies of the
same string
a*2 will give -HelloHello
[] Slice - Gives the character from the
given index
a[1] will give e
[ : ] Range Slice - Gives the characters from
the given range
a[1:4] will give ell
in Membership - Returns true if a
character exists in the given string
H in a will give 1
not in Membership - Returns true if a
character does not exist in the given
string
M not in a will give 1
r/R Raw String - Suppress actual meaning
of Escape characters.
print r'n' prints n and
print R'n' prints n
% Format - Performs String formatting See at next section
14. String Formatting Operator:
Format Symbol Conversion
%c character
%s string conversion via str() prior to formatting
%i signed decimal integer
%d signed decimal integer
%u unsigned decimal integer
%o octal integer
%x hexadecimal integer (lowercase letters)
%X hexadecimal integer (UPPERcase letters)
%e exponential notation (with lowercase 'e')
%E exponential notation (with UPPERcase 'E')
%f floating point real number
%g the shorter of %f and %e
%G the shorter of %f and %E
15. Other supported symbols and functionality are listed in the following
table:
Symbol Functionality
* argument specifies width or precision
- left justification
+ display the sign
<sp> leave a blank space before a positive number
# add the octal leading zero ( '0' ) or hexadecimal leading
'0x' or '0X', depending on whether 'x' or 'X' were used.
0 pad from left with zeros (instead of spaces)
% '%%' leaves you with a single literal '%'
(var) mapping variable (dictionary arguments)
m.n. m is the minimum total width and n is the number of digits
to display after the decimal point (if appl.)
16. Triple Quotes:
• Python's triple quotes comes to the rescue by allowing
strings to span multiple lines, including verbatim NEWLINEs,
TABs, and any other special characters.
• The syntax for triple quotes consists of three consecutive
single or double quotes.
para_str = """this is a long string that is made
up of several lines and non-printable characters
such as TAB ( t ) and they will show up that way
when displayed. NEWLINEs within the string,
whether explicitly given like this within the
brackets [ n ], or just a NEWLINE within the
variable assignment will also show up. """
print para_str;
17. Raw String:
• Raw strings don't treat the backslash as a special
character at all. Every character you put into a raw
string stays the way you wrote it:
print 'C:nowhere'
This would print following result:
C:nowhere
Now let's make use of raw string. We would put
expression in r'expression' as follows:
print r'C:nowhere'
This would print following result:
C:nowhere
18. Unicode String:
• Normal strings in Python are stored internally as 8-bit ASCII,
while Unicode strings are stored as 16-bit Unicode. This
allows for a more varied set of characters, including special
characters from most languages in the world. I'll restrict my
treatment of Unicode strings to the following:
print u'Hello, world!'
This would print following result:
Hello, world!
19. Built-in String Methods:
1 capitalize()
Capitalizes first letter of string
2 center(width, fillchar)
Returns a space-padded string with the original string centered to a total of width
columns
3 count(str, beg= 0,end=len(string))
Counts how many times str occurs in string, or in a substring of string if starting
index beg and ending index end are given
3 decode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')
Decodes the string using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the
default string encoding.
4 encode(encoding='UTF-8',errors='strict')
Returns encoded string version of string; on error, default is to raise a ValueError
unless errors is given with 'ignore' or 'replace'.
5 endswith(suffix, beg=0, end=len(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index
end are given) ends with suffix; Returns true if so, and false otherwise
6 expandtabs(tabsize=8)
Expands tabs in string to multiple spaces; defaults to 8 spaces per tab if tabsize not
provided
20. 7 find(str, beg=0 end=len(string))
Determine if str occurs in string, or in a substring of string if starting index beg and
ending index end are given; returns index if found and -1 otherwise
8 index(str, beg=0, end=len(string))
Same as find(), but raises an exception if str not found
9 isa1num()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphanumeric
and false otherwise
10 isalpha()
Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are alphabetic and
false otherwise
11 isdigit()
Returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise
12 islower()
Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased characters are in
lowercase and false otherwise
13 isnumeric()
Returns true if a unicode string contains only numeric characters and false otherwise
14 isspace()
Returns true if string contains only whitespace characters and false otherwise
21. 15 istitle()
Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and false otherwise
16 isupper()
Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in
uppercase and false otherwise
17 join(seq)
Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a
string, with separator string
18 len(string)
Returns the length of the string
19 ljust(width[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string left-justified to a total of width
columns
20 lower()
Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase
21 lstrip()
Removes all leading whitespace in string
22 maketrans()
Returns a translation table to be used in translate function.
23 max(str)
Returns the max alphabetical character from the string str
22. 24 min(str)
Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str
25 replace(old, new [, max])
Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new, or at most max occurrences if max
given
26 rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Same as find(), but search backwards in string
27 rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string))
Same as index(), but search backwards in string
28 rjust(width,[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string right-justified to a total of
width columns.
29 rstrip()
Removes all trailing whitespace of string
30 split(str="", num=string.count(str))
Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of
substrings; split into at most num substrings if given
31 splitlines( num=string.count('n'))
Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each line with NEWLINEs
removed
23. 32 startswith(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index
end are given) starts with substring str; Returns true if so, and false otherwise
33 strip([chars])
Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string
34 swapcase()
Inverts case for all letters in string
35 title()
Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase, and the
rest are lowercase
36 translate(table, deletechars="")
Translates string according to translation table str(256 chars), removing those in the
del string
37 upper()
Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase
38 zfill (width)
Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of width characters; intended
for numbers, zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero)
39 isdecimal()
Returns true if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and false otherwise
![8. Python - Numbers
• Number data types store numeric values. They are immutable
data types, which means that changing the value of a number
data type results in a newly allocated object.
• Number objects are created when you assign a value to them.
For example:
var1 = 1
var2 = 10
• You can also delete the reference to a number object by
using the del statement. The syntax of the del statement is:
del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]]
You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using
the del statement. For example:
del var del var_a, var_b](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-1-320.jpg)
![Mathematical Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
abs(x) The absolute value of x: the (positive) distance between x and zero.
ceil(x) The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x
cmp(x, y) -1 if x < y, 0 if x == y, or 1 if x > y
exp(x) The exponential of x: e
x
fabs(x) The absolute value of x.
floor(x) The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x
log(x) The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0
log10(x) The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0 .
max(x1, x2,...) The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity
min(x1, x2,...) The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity
modf(x) The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts
have the same sign as x. The integer part is returned as a float.
pow(x, y) The value of x**y.
round(x [,n]) x rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds away from
zero as a tie-breaker: round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0.
sqrt(x) The square root of x for x > 0](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-5-320.jpg)
![Random Number Functions:
Function Returns ( description )
choice(seq) A random item from a list, tuple, or string.
randrange ([start,]
stop [,step])
A randomly selected element from range(start, stop,
step)
random() A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to
r and r is less than 1
seed([x]) Sets the integer starting value used in generating
random numbers. Call this function before calling
any other random module function. Returns None.
shuffle(lst) Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns
None.
uniform(x, y) A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to
r and r is less than y](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-6-320.jpg)
![Accessing Values in Strings:
• Python does not support a character type; these are treated as
strings of length one, thus also considered a substring.
• To access substrings, use the square brackets for slicing along with
the index or indices to obtain your substring:
• Example:
var 1 = 'Hello World!'
var2 = "Python Programming"
print "var1[0]: ", var1[0]
print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5]
This will produce following result:
var1[0]: H
var2[1:5]: ytho](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-10-320.jpg)
![Updating Strings:
• You can "update" an existing string by (re)assigning a variable to
another string. The new value can be related to its previous value or to
a completely different string altogether.
• Example:
var1 = 'Hello World!'
print "Updated String :- ", var1[:6] + 'Python'
This will produce following result:
Updated String :- Hello Python](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-11-320.jpg)
![String Special Operators: Assume string variable a
holds 'Hello' and variable b holds 'Python' then:
Operator Description Example
+ Concatenation - Adds values on either
side of the operator
a + b will give HelloPython
* Repetition - Creates new strings,
concatenating multiple copies of the
same string
a*2 will give -HelloHello
[] Slice - Gives the character from the
given index
a[1] will give e
[ : ] Range Slice - Gives the characters from
the given range
a[1:4] will give ell
in Membership - Returns true if a
character exists in the given string
H in a will give 1
not in Membership - Returns true if a
character does not exist in the given
string
M not in a will give 1
r/R Raw String - Suppress actual meaning
of Escape characters.
print r'n' prints n and
print R'n' prints n
% Format - Performs String formatting See at next section](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-13-320.jpg)
![Triple Quotes:
• Python's triple quotes comes to the rescue by allowing
strings to span multiple lines, including verbatim NEWLINEs,
TABs, and any other special characters.
• The syntax for triple quotes consists of three consecutive
single or double quotes.
para_str = """this is a long string that is made
up of several lines and non-printable characters
such as TAB ( t ) and they will show up that way
when displayed. NEWLINEs within the string,
whether explicitly given like this within the
brackets [ n ], or just a NEWLINE within the
variable assignment will also show up. """
print para_str;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-16-320.jpg)
![15 istitle()
Returns true if string is properly "titlecased" and false otherwise
16 isupper()
Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all cased characters are in
uppercase and false otherwise
17 join(seq)
Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a
string, with separator string
18 len(string)
Returns the length of the string
19 ljust(width[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string left-justified to a total of width
columns
20 lower()
Converts all uppercase letters in string to lowercase
21 lstrip()
Removes all leading whitespace in string
22 maketrans()
Returns a translation table to be used in translate function.
23 max(str)
Returns the max alphabetical character from the string str](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-21-320.jpg)
![24 min(str)
Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str
25 replace(old, new [, max])
Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new, or at most max occurrences if max
given
26 rfind(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Same as find(), but search backwards in string
27 rindex( str, beg=0, end=len(string))
Same as index(), but search backwards in string
28 rjust(width,[, fillchar])
Returns a space-padded string with the original string right-justified to a total of
width columns.
29 rstrip()
Removes all trailing whitespace of string
30 split(str="", num=string.count(str))
Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of
substrings; split into at most num substrings if given
31 splitlines( num=string.count('n'))
Splits string at all (or num) NEWLINEs and returns a list of each line with NEWLINEs
removed](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-22-320.jpg)
![32 startswith(str, beg=0,end=len(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index
end are given) starts with substring str; Returns true if so, and false otherwise
33 strip([chars])
Performs both lstrip() and rstrip() on string
34 swapcase()
Inverts case for all letters in string
35 title()
Returns "titlecased" version of string, that is, all words begin with uppercase, and the
rest are lowercase
36 translate(table, deletechars="")
Translates string according to translation table str(256 chars), removing those in the
del string
37 upper()
Converts lowercase letters in string to uppercase
38 zfill (width)
Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of width characters; intended
for numbers, zfill() retains any sign given (less one zero)
39 isdecimal()
Returns true if a unicode string contains only decimal characters and false otherwise](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/py-slides-3-240531040525-8fecb9eb/85/Python-programming-unit-2-Slides-3-ppt-23-320.jpg)
