2
3 access_null_pointer()
4 {
5 char *a = NULL;
6
7 printf("%c", *a);
8 }
9
10 test()
11 {
(gdb) print a
$1 = 0x0
(gdb) quit
The program is running. Exit anyway? (y or n) y
%
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API$B$r3P$($k$3$H$K$h$j!$$o$+$j$d$9$/4J7i$JI=8=$,2DG=$K$J$k!%(B
$B$3$N9V5A$G$O(BLinux$B$rMQ$$$F!$(BPOSIX (Portable Operating System Interface for UNIX) API$B$rMxMQ$7$F%W%m%0%i%`$r:n@.$9$k!%(B
Linux$B$,;H$o$l$F$$$k$H$3$m(B
Linux$B$O%G%9%/%H%C%W%7%9%F%`$@$1$G$J$/!$Bg7?%5!<%P$+$i!$%+!<%J%S$d7HBSEEOC$J$I$NAH$_9~$_5!4o$^$GI}9-$$@=IJ$G;H$o$l$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$-$F$$$k!%0J2<$O$=$NNc$G$"$k!%(B| SGI Altix 3700 | N901iC, P901i |
 |
 |
| Sony XYZ$B%+!<%J%S%2!<%7%g%s%7%9%F%`!J(B$BCf?H(B$B!K(B | Sony Cocoon CSV-EX11 |
 |
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ps$B%3%^%s%I$O%*%W%7%g%s$K$h$jMM!9$J>pJs$rI=<($9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
% ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
32173 pts/1 00:00:00 tcsh
32190 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
% ps xu
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
shui 32173 0.0 0.7 4100 1804 pts/1 S 11:51 0:00 -tcsh
shui 32209 0.1 0.7 4104 1800 pts/2 S 11:52 0:00 -tcsh
shui 32242 7.4 1.7 8800 4524 pts/2 S 11:53 0:00 emacs -nw
shui 32253 0.0 0.3 2836 892 pts/1 R 11:53 0:00 ps xu
pstree$B$O%W%m%;%9$N?F;R4X78$r%D%j!<7A<0$GI=<($9$k!%(B
% pstree
init-+-X
|-apmd
|-atd
|-automount
|-bdflush
|-cannaserver
|-crond
|-dpkeyserv
|-gdm---gdmlogin
|-gdm
|-gmond---gmond---6*[gmond]
|-gpm
|-jserver---jserver
|-kapmd
|-keventd
|-khubd
|-klogd
|-kscand/DMA
|-kscand/HighMem
|-kscand/Normal
|-ksoftirqd_CPU0
|-kswapd
|-kupdated
|-lockd
|-lpd
|-mdrecoveryd
|-6*[mingetty]
|-ntpd
|-pg_ctl---postmaster
|-portmap
|-rpc.statd
|-rpciod
|-sendmail
|-sshd-+-sshd---tcsh
| |-sshd---tcsh---pstree
| `-sshd---tcsh---emacs
|-syslogd
|-xfs
|-xinetd
|-ypbind---ypbind---2*[ypbind]
`-ypserv
top$B$O$?$/$5$s(BCPU$B;~4V$r;HMQ$7$F$$$k%W%m%;%9$N>uBV$r0lDj;~4V$*$-$KI=<($9$k!%(B
$BI=<(4V3V$O(B -d $B%*%W%7%g%s$N0z?t$H$7$FICC10L$G;XDj$G$-$k!%(B
% top -d 1
11:55am up 12 days, 2:53, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
66 processes: 64 sleeping, 2 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped
CPU states: 0.0% user, 0.0% system, 0.0% nice, 100.0% idle
Mem: 254860K av, 250020K used, 4840K free, 0K shrd, 25900K buff
Swap: 530104K av, 36744K used, 493360K free 169928K cached
PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND
1 root 10 0 516 484 448 S 0.0 0.1 0:04 init
2 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 keventd
3 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 kapmd
4 root 19 19 0 0 0 SWN 0.0 0.0 0:00 ksoftirqd_CPU0
5 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:02 kswapd
6 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 kscand/DMA
7 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:01 kscand/Normal
8 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 kscand/HighMem
9 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 bdflush
10 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:01 kupdated
11 root -1 -20 0 0 0 SW< 0.0 0.0 0:00 mdrecoveryd
74 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 khubd
493 root 9 0 588 540 480 S 0.0 0.2 0:00 syslogd
498 root 9 0 1144 428 424 S 0.0 0.1 0:00 klogd
512 rpc 9 0 592 548 492 S 0.0 0.2 0:40 portmap
530 rpcuser 9 0 688 564 560 S 0.0 0.2 0:00 rpc.statd
618 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:12 rpciod
$B%W%m%0%i%`$N3+H/4D6-(B
$B%^%K%e%"%k$NFI$_J}(B
% man $B%7%9%F%`%3!<%kL>(B
% man $B%i%$%V%i%j4X?tL>(B
% man $B%3%^%s%IL>(B
% man -k $B%-!<%o!<%I(B
$B%^%K%e%"%k$rI=<($9$k$K$O!$B>$K(B xman $B%3%^%s%I$d!$(Bemacs $B$NCf$G$O(B ESC x man $B$d%a%K%e!<$N(BHelp$B"*(BManuals$B"*(BRead Man Page$B$HA*$S!$%b!<%I%i%$%s$K(B Manual Entry $B$HI=<($5$l$?$H$3$m$KI=<($7$?$$%7%9%F%`%3!<%k!$%i%$%V%i%j4X?t!$Kt$O%3%^%s%IL>$rBG$D$3$H$GI=<($9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
$B%^%K%e%"%k$N>ON)$F$O0J2<$N$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!%(B
$B#1>O(B $B%3%^%s%I(B $B#2>O(B $B%7%9%F%`%3!<%k(B $B#3>O(B $B%i%$%V%i%j4X?t(B $B#4>O(B $B%G%P%$%9%U%!%$%k(B $B#5>O(B $B%U%!%$%k7A<0(B $B#6>O(B $B%2!<%`(B $B#7>O(B $B$=$NB>(B $B#8>O(B $B4IM}MQ%3%^%s%I(B
man $B%3%^%s%I$N0z?t$K;XDj$5$l$?L>A0$O!$#1>O$+$i=gHV$K8!:w$5$l$k!%(B
$B=>$C$F!$(Bman printf $B$H$9$k$H#1>O$N(B printf $B%3%^%s%I$N%^%K%e%"%k$,I=<($5$l$F$7$^$&!%(B
$B%i%$%V%i%j4X?t$G$"$k(B printf(3) $B$K$D$$$FCN$j$?$$$H$-$K$O!$#3>O$G$"$k$3$H$r;XDj$9$k$?$a$KO$r;XDj$9$k!%(B
% man 3 printf
$B3F>O$N@bL@MQ$K(B intro $B$H$$$&%(%s%H%j$,MQ0U$5$l$F$$$k!%(B
$B#2>O!J%7%9%F%`%3!<%k!K$K$D$$$FCN$j$?$$$H$-$K$O!$
% man 2 intro
$B%3%s%Q%$%k$H%j%s%/(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`:n@.$+$i
$B%W%m%0%i%`$N:n@.$K$O!$(Bemacs $B$J$I$N%(%G%#%?$G%W%m%0%i%`$r:n@.$7!$$=$l$r(BC$B%3%s%Q%$%i!J(Bcc$B!K$G%3%s%Q%$%k$7!$/$7$:$DF0:n$r3N$+$a$J$,$i:n$k$N$,NI$$!%(B
$B0J2<$O!$(Bsum.c $B$H$$$&(B1$B$+$i(B10$B$^$G$NAmOB$r5a$a$k4JC1$J%W%m%0%i%`$r%3%s%Q%$%k
% nl -ba sum.c
1 #define MAX 10
2
3 main()
4 {
5 int i, total;
6
7 total = 0;
8 for (i = 1; i <= MAX; i++)
9 total += i;
10
11 printf("total = %d\n", total);
12 }
% cc sum.c
% ./a.out
total = 55
%
cc$B$K$h$j5/F0$5$l$k%W%m%0%i%`(B
cc $B%3%^%s%I<+BN$O
cc $B$K(B -v $B%*%W%7%g%s$rDI2C$9$k$H!$(Bcc $B$+$i5/F0$5$l$k%W%m%0%i%`$NMM;R$,$o$+$k!%(B
-v $B%*%W%7%g%s$O!$(Bcc $B$+$i5/F0$5$l$k%W%m%0%i%`$K;XDj$5$l$k0z?t$bA4$FI=<($5$l$k!%(B
$B$=$N$?$a!$Nc$($P%W%j%W%m%;%C%5$N0z?t$G;XDj$5$l$k%^%/%m$d!$%j%s%+$K;XDj$5$l$k%i%$%V%i%j$J$I$rCN$k$3$H$b$G$-$k!%(B
% cc -v sum.c
Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/specs
gcc version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1)
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/cpp0 -lang-c -v -D__GNUC__=2 -D__GNUC_MINOR__=96 -D__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__=0 -D__ELF__ -Dunix -Dlinux -D__ELF__ -D__unix__ -D__linux__ -D__unix -D__linux -Asystem(posix) -D__NO_INLINE__ -Acpu(i386) -Amachine(i386) -Di386 -D__i386 -D__i386__ -D__tune_i386__ sum.c /tmp/cc7enFUM.i
GNU CPP version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1) (cpplib) (i386 Linux/ELF)
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/i386-redhat-linux/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/local/include
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/include
/usr/include
End of search list.
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/cc1 /tmp/cc7enFUM.i -quiet -dumpbase sum.c -version -o /tmp/ccAeJU5p.s
GNU C version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1) (i386-redhat-linux) compiled by GNU C version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1).
as -V -Qy -o /tmp/ccd7Y7D1.o /tmp/ccAeJU5p.s
GNU assembler version 2.10.91 (i386-redhat-linux) using BFD version 2.10.91.0.2
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/collect2 -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. /tmp/ccd7Y7D1.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
%
cc -E
cc $B$K(B -E $B%*%W%7%g%s$rDI2C$9$k$H!$%W%j%W%m%;%C%5!J(Bcpp$B!K$@$1$,5/F0$5$l!$7k2L$OI8=`=PNO!J(Bstdout$B!K$K=P$5$l$k!%(B
$B%^%/%m$,$&$^$/E83+$5$l$J$$;~!$(Btypedef$B$,$&$^$/=hM}$5$l$J$$;~$J$I!$%X%C%@%U%!%$%k$K4X78$9$k%(%i!<$,5/$-$?$H$-$K!$%W%j%W%m%;%C%5$rDL$7$?7k2L$r8+$k$H860x$,$o$+$k$3$H$,$"$k!%(B
% cc -E sum.c | nl -ba
1 # 3 "sum.c"
2 main()
3 {
4 int i, total;
5
6 total = 0;
7 for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
8 total += i;
9
10 printf("total = %d\n", total);
11 }
%
$B%j%s%/(B
cc $B$K(B -c $B%*%W%7%g%s$rDI2C$9$k$H!$%"%;%s%V%i$^$G$,$O!$85$N(BC$B%W%m%0%i%`$N%U%!%$%kL>$N%5%U%#%C%/%9!J@\Hx<-!K$r(B o $B$KJQ$($?$b$N$K$J$k!%(B
$BB($A!$(BC$B%W%m%0%i%`$,(B sum.c $B$H$$$&%U%!%$%kL>$N>l9g$O(B sum.o $B$H$$$&%U%!%$%kL>$K$J$k!%(B
$B%*%V%8%'%/%H%W%m%0%i%`$r(B cc $B$N0z?t$K;XDj$9$k$H!$(Bcc $B$O%5%U%#%C%/%9$+$i0z?t$N%U%!%$%k$,%*%V%8%'%/%H%W%m%W%m%0%i%`$G$"$k$3$H$rH=Dj$7!$%j%s%+$r5/F0$9$k!%(B
% cc -c sum.c
% ls sum.o
sum.o
% cc -v sum.o
Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/specs
gcc version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1)
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/collect2 -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. sum.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
%
$B>e$NNc$G$O!$(Bcollect2 $B$H$$$&%W%m%0%i%`$,5/F0$5$l$F$$$k!%(B
$B2<$N$h$&$K!$(Bcollect2 $B$KL@<(E*$K(B -v $B%*%W%7%g%s$rEO$7$F$_$k$H!$(Bld $B$,5/F0$5$l$F$$$k$N$,$o$+$k!%(B
% /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/collect2 -v -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. sum.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
collect2 version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1) (i386 Linux/ELF)/usr/bin/ld -v -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. sum.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
GNU ld version 2.10.91 (with BFD 2.10.91.0.2)
%
$BF0E*%j%s%/$H@EE*%j%s%/(B
$B%j%s%/$NJ}K!$K$O!$F0E*!J%@%$%J%_%C%/!K%j%s%/$H@EE*!J%9%?%F%#%C%/!K%j%s%/$,$"$k!%(B
$BF0E*%j%s%/$H$O%i%$%V%i%j$r.$5$/$J$k!%(B
$B$^$?!$F0E*%j%s%/$5$l$k%i%$%V%i%j$G;HMQ$5$l$k%a%b%jNN0h$O!$/$J$$!%(B
$B$7$+$7!$C!K$r9T$&$N$G!$$o$:$+$K
$BF0E*%j%s%/$5$l$F$$$k$+$I$&$+$O(B file $B%3%^%s%I$GCN$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
$B$^$?!$F0E*%j%s%/$5$l$?
% file a.out
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped
% ldd a.out
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x4002d000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
%
$B8=:_!$0lIt$N%3%^%s%I$r=|$-$[$H$s$IA4$F$N
% cc -static sum.c
% ldd a.out
not a dynamic executable
% file a.out
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, statically linked, not stripped
$B$=$NB>$N!JHf3SE*!KNI$/;H$o$l$k(B cc $B$N%*%W%7%g%s(B
cc $B$K(B -S $B%*%W%7%g%s$rIU$1$k$H!$%5%U%#%C%/%9$r(B s $B$KJQ$($?%U%!%$%k$K!$%"%;%s%V%j8@8l$N%W%m%0%i%`$r=q$-=P$9!%(B
OS$B%+!<%M%k$r:n@.$9$k$?$a$K(BC$B8@8l$+$i;HMQ$9$k$3$H$N$G$-$J$$%W%m%;%C%5$N5!G=$r;HMQ$9$k>l9g!$%"%;%s%V%j8@8l$N%W%m%0%i%`$r(BC$B%W%m%0%i%`$K!$%$%s%i%$%s%"%;%s%V%i$H$7$FKd$a9~$`$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
$B$=$N$h$&$J>l9g$O!$0U?^$7$?$h$&$K(BC$B%W%m%0%i%`$H7k9g$5$l$F$$$k$+$I$&$+$N3NG'$r(B cc -S $B$G9T$&!%(B
$B$^$?!$%3%s%Q%$%i$r:n@.!$2~NI$7$F$$$k?M$O!$$3$N7k2L$r8+$F%3%s%Q%$%k7k2L$r3NG'$9$k$3$H$,$"$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!%(B
$B%G%P%C%,(B
$B%G%P%C%,$H$7$F(B gdb $B$rMxMQ$9$k!%(B
$BF|K\8l%^%K%e%"%k$O0J2<$KMQ0U$5$l$F$$$k!%(B
http://www.coins.tsukuba.ac.jp/~syspro/gdb-5.0-doc/
$B%=!<%9%3!<%I$r;2>H$7$J$,$i%G%P%C%,$rMQ$$$?$$>l9g$O(B cc $B$K(B -g $B%*%W%7%g%s$rIU$1$F%3%s%Q%$%k$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!%(B
-g $B%*%W%7%g%s$rIU$1$F$$$J$$>l9g$G$b!$%G%P%C%,$rMQ$$$k$3$H$O$G$-!$%P%C%/%H%l!<%9!J4X?t$N8F$S=P$7MzNr!K$d%"%;%s%V%j8@8l$G$I$NL?Na$GLdBj$,H/@8$7$?$+$O$o$+$k!%(B
$B!J(Bstrip$B%3%^%s%I$G%7%s%\%k>pJs$,:o=|$5$l$F$7$^$&$H!$4X?tL>$J$I%0%m!<%P%k%7%s%\%k$bI=<($5$l$J$/$J$k!%!K(B
-g $B%*%W%7%g%s$rIU$1$F%3%s%Q%$%k$7$?>l9g$O!$%=!<%9%3!<%I$N2?9TL\$KLdBj$,H/@8$7$?$N$+$,$o$+$j!$$^$?JQ?tL>$r;XDj$7$F$=$NCM$rD4$Y$k$3$H$b$G$-$k!%(B
$BNI$/$"$k%P%0$K%;%0%a%s%F!<%7%g%s%U%)%k%H!J(Bsegmentation fault$B!K$,$"$k!%(B
$B%;%0%a%s%F!<%7%g%s%U%)%k%H$O!$%"%/%;%9$,5v2D$5$l$F$$$J$$HVCO$K%"%/%;%9$9$k$HH/@8$9$k!%(B
$BHs>o$KE57?E*$JNc$H$7$F(BNULL$B%]%$%s%?%"%/%;%9$,$"$k!%(B
0$BHVCO$ODL>o%"%/%;%9$,5v2D$5$l$F$$$J$$$?$a!$(BNULL$B%]%$%s%?$K%"%/%;%9$9$k$H%;%0%a%s%F!<%7%g%s%U%)%k%H$,H/@8$9$k!%(B
$B0J2<$O(BNULL$B%]%$%s%?%"%/%;%9$K$h$j%;%0%a%s%F!<%7%g%s%U%)%k%H$r5/$3$9%W%m%0%i%`$r!$%G%P%C%,$+$i
% cc segfault.c
% a.out
Segmentation fault
% cc -g segfault.c
% gdb a.out
GNU gdb Red Hat Linux (5.1-0.71)
Copyright 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/lab/Denjo/shui/syspro/a.out
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x08048473 in access_null_pointer () at segfault.c:7
7 printf("%c", *a);
(gdb) backtrace
#0 0x08048473 in access_null_pointer () at segfault.c:7
#1 0x08048493 in test () at segfault.c:12
#2 0x080484a3 in main () at segfault.c:17
#3 0x40049336 in __libc_start_main (main=0x8048498 , argc=1,
ubp_av=0xbfffee84, init=0x80482e4 <_init>, fini=0x80484f0 <_fini>,
rtld_fini=0x4000d25c <_dl_fini>, stack_end=0xbfffee7c)
at ../sysdeps/generic/libc-start.c:129
(gdb) list
2
3 access_null_pointer()
4 {
5 char *a = NULL;
6
7 printf("%c", *a);
8 }
9
10 test()
11 {
(gdb) print a
$1 = 0x0
(gdb) quit
The program is running. Exit anyway? (y or n) y
%
xxgdb
gdb$B$r%&%#%s%I%&Cf$+$iF0$+$7$F$/$l$k!J(BGUI$B%U%m%s%H%(%s%I!K$H$7$F(B xxgdb $B$,$"$k!%(B
$B0J2<$N$h$&$J%&%#%s%I%&$rI=<($7!$%\%?%s$r%/%j%C%/$9$k$3$H$GA`:n$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
Emacs $B$NCf$+$i(B gdb
Emacs (Mule) $B$NCf$+$i(B gdb $B$r8F$V$3$H$b$G$-$k!%(B
$B%(%i!<$,5/$3$C$?%=!<%9%3!<%I$N9T$r<+F0E*$KI=<($7$F$/$l$k!%(B
$B
- emacs $B$r
- ESC x gdb
- gdb program_name
$B$H$9$k!%(B
strace $B%3%^%s%I(B
gdb $B$NB>$N%G%P%C%0%D!<%k$H$7$F!$%W%m%0%i%`$N8F$S=P$7$?%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$rI=<($7$F$/$l$k(B strace $B%3%^%s%I$,$"$k!%(B
$B0J2<$O(B2$B$D$N%&%#%s%I%&$r;H$$!$>e$N%&%#%s%I%&$G(Bstrace $B%3%^%s%I$r
% nl -ba getputchar.c
1 #include <stdio.h>
2
3 main()
4 {
5 int c;
6
7 while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
8 putchar(c);
9 }
% cc getputchar.c
% strace -o /dev/pts/1 ./a.out
1
1
1234567890
1234567890
![[C-D]](common_files/Ctrl-D.png)
%
% tty
/dev/pts/1
% execve("./a.out", ["./a.out"], [/* 46 vars */]) = 0
uname({sys="Linux", node="adonis1.coins.tsukuba.ac.jp", ...}) = 0
brk(0) = 0x804962c
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40016000
open("/etc/ld.so.preload", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=87112, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 87112, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x40017000
close(3) = 0
open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0 \304\1"..., 1024) = 1024
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=5737218, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 1267240, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x4002d000
mprotect(0x40159000, 38440, PROT_NONE) = 0
old_mmap(0x40159000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED, 3, 0x12b000) = 0x40159000
old_mmap(0x4015f000, 13864, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4015f000
close(3) = 0
munmap(0x40017000, 87112) = 0
fstat64(0, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40017000
read(0, "1\n", 1024) = 2
fstat64(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40018000
write(1, "1\n", 2) = 2
read(0, "1234567890\n", 1024) = 11
write(1, "1234567890\n", 11) = 11
read(0, "", 1024) = 0
munmap(0x40018000, 4096) = 0
_exit(-1) = ?
$B>e5-$N%W%m%0%i%`Nc$G$OFC$KLdBj$O5/$-$F$$$J$$$,!$$I$N%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$,8F$S=P$5$l$F$$$k$+$rCN$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
$B0J2<$O!$(Bgdb $B$N$H$3$m$Ge$2$?%;%0%a%s%F!<%7%g%s%U%)%k%H$r5/$3$9%W%m%0%i%`$r(Bstrace $B%3%^%s%I$rMQ$$$F
% strace ./a.out
execve("./a.out", ["./a.out"], [/* 46 vars */]) = 0
uname({sys="Linux", node="adonis1.coins.tsukuba.ac.jp", ...}) = 0
brk(0) = 0x804961c
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40016000
open("/etc/ld.so.preload", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=87112, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 87112, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x40017000
close(3) = 0
open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0 \304\1"..., 1024) = 1024
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=5737218, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 1267240, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x4002d000
mprotect(0x40159000, 38440, PROT_NONE) = 0
old_mmap(0x40159000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED, 3, 0x12b000) = 0x40159000
old_mmap(0x4015f000, 13864, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4015f000
close(3) = 0
munmap(0x40017000, 87112) = 0
--- SIGSEGV (Segmentation fault) ---
+++ killed by SIGSEGV +++
%
$B;DG0$J$,$i!$$3$N$h$&$J>l9g$K$O(B strace $B%3%^%s%I$O$"$^$jM-8z$J>pJs$r<($7$F$O$/$l$J$$!%(B
$B%G%P%C%0%D!<%k$K$O8~$-IT8~$-$,$"$k$?$a!$$I$N$h$&$J>l9g$K$O$I$N%D!<%k$r;H$&$HJXMx$+$O!$$$$m$$$m;n$7$F3X$VI,MW$,$"$k!%(B
make $B%3%^%s%I(B
C$B%W%m%0%i%`$O%U%!%$%kC10L$G$N%7%s%\%k$N%9%3!<%W$r;}$D$?$a!$$^$?Bg$-$J%=!<%9%W%m%0%i%`%U%!%$%k$O%3%s%Q%$%k$K;~4V$,$+$+$k$?$a!$%W%m%0%i%`$OE,EY$KJ#?t%U%!%$%k$KJ,3d$7$F:n@.$9$k$3$H$,K>$^$7$$!%(B
C$B%W%m%0%i%`$rJ#?t%U%!%$%k$KJ,3d$7$?>l9g!$$^$:$=$l$>$l$r(B cc -c $B$K$h$j%*%V%8%'%/%H%W%m%0%i%`$K%3%s%Q%$%k$9$k!%(B
$B$=$&$9$k$H!$(BC$B%W%m%0%i%`%U%!%$%k$4$H$K!J%5%U%#%C%/%9$,(B o $B$N!K%*%V%8%'%/%H%W%m%0%i%`$N%U%!%$%k$,$G$-$k!%(B
$B$3$l$i$N%*%V%8%'%/%H%W%m%0%i%`$N%U%!%$%k$r%j%s%/$7$F
$B$3$N$h$&$J%3%s%Q%$%k$C$F%3%s%Q%$%k$r9T$&!J%k!<%k$K=>$C$F=hM}$r$9$k$@$1$G!$=hM}$,%3%s%Q%$%k$G$"$kI,MW@-$OA4$/$J$$!K!%(B
$B%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$K(B makefile $B$H(B Makefile $B$NN>J}$,$"$C$?>l9g$O!$(Bmakefile $B$,M%@h$5$l$k!%(B
$B0J2<$O!$>e$N?^$N%3%s%Q%$%kMakefile $B$H$7$F5-=R$7$?$b$N$G$"$k!%(B
a.out: file-1.o file-2.o
cc file-1.o file-2.o
file-1.o: file-1.c
cc -c file-1.c
file-2.o: file-2.c
cc -c file-2.c
$B%k!<%k$N=q$-J}$N4pK\E*$J$H$3$m$OC1=c$G!$:n@.$7$?$$%?!<%2%C%H$N:[email protected]}K!$r0J2<$N$h$&$K5-=R$9$k!%(B
$B0MB8%U%!%$%k$,$^$?JL$N0MB8%U%!%$%k$+$i:n@.$5$l$k>l9g!JNc$($P(B file1.o $B$,(B file1.c$B$+$i:n@.$5$l$k>l9g!K$O!$$=$N$?$a$N%k!<%k$r=q$/!%(B
$B0MB8%U%!%$%k$,$J$$>l9g$O!$I,$:=hM}$,
$B%?!<%2%C%H(B: $B0MB8$9$k%U%!%$%k(B
<TAB>$B%?!<%2%C%H:n@.$N$?$a$N=hM}(B1
<TAB>$B%?!<%2%C%H:n@.$N$?$a$N=hM}(B2
...
<TAB>$B%?!<%2%C%H:n@.$N$?$a$N=hM}(Bn
$B
% make
cc -c file-1.c
cc -c file-2.c
cc file-1.o file-2.o
%
file-2.c$B$rJQ99(B
% make
cc -c file-2.c
cc file-1.o file-2.o
%
Makefile $B$,J#;($K$J$k$H!$(BMakefile $B$r8+$?$@$1$G$Ol9g!$(Bmake $B$r$9$kA0$K(B make -n $B$H$9$k$H!$
$B$A$g$C$HI|=,(B
$B%]%$%s%?(B
$BF~=PNO$N$?$a$N%i%$%V%i%j4X?t$d%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$K$O%]%$%s%?$,I,?\$G$"$k!%(B
$B4X?t$r8F$S=P$7!$$^$H$^$C$?%G!<%?$r$d$j
$BNc$($P2
![$B%G!<%?%3%T!<@h$N%]%$%s%?(B](No1_files/pointer-copy.png)
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$B
1 main()
2 {
3 void *buf;
4 read(0, buf, 1);
5 }
$B
1 main()
2 {
3 char a;
4 void *buf;
5 buf = &a;
6 read(0, buf, 1);
7 }
$B@53N$K$O!$JQ?t$NA0$K(B & $B$rIU$1$FF@$i$l$kCM$N7?$O!$$=$NJQ?t$N7?$X$N%]%$%s%?7?$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$k!%(B
char$B7?$NJQ?t(B a $B$KBP$7!$(B&a $B$N7?$O(B char* $B$H$J$k!%(B
int$B7?$NJQ?t(B i $B$KBP$7!$(B&i $B$N7?$O(B int* $B$H$J$k!%(B
$B4V0c$C$?%"%I%l%9$K=q$$$F$7$^$&Kt$O=q$3$&$H$9$k$H$$$m$$$mLdBj$,H/@8$9$k!%(B
$B=q$-9~$a$J$$%"%I%l%9$K=q$3$&$H$9$k$H!$%;%0%a%s%F!<%7%g%s%U%)%k%H$,H/@8$7!$%W%m%0%i%`$O0[>o=*N;$9$k!%(B
$B$3$N>l9g$O!$0[>o=*N;$K$h$j4V0c$C$?$3$H$,5/$-$F$$$k$3$H$,$9$0$K$o$+$k$N$G!$$^$@$^$7$J>l9g$G$"$k!%(B
$B=q$-9~$a$k%G!<%?NN0h$@$,!$0U?^$H$O0c$&4V0c$C$?%"%I%l%9$K=q$-9~$^$l$F$7$^$&$H!$=q$-9~$_<[email protected]$7$F$7$^$$!$%W%m%0%i%`$N
$B$3$l$r$&$^$/;H$C$?$N$,%P%C%U%!%*!<%P%U%m!<$G$"$k!%(B
$B30It$+$i%9%?%C%/>e$K3NJ]$5$l$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$h$j$bB?$/$N%G!<%?!J%W%m%0%i%`!K$rFI$_9~$^$;$k$3$H$K$h$j!$%W%m%0%i%`$Nh$C/$7>\$7$/@bL@$9$k!%(B
$B%]%$%s%?$OHs>o$KJXMx$G$"$j%7%9%F%`%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$K$O7g$+$;$J$$$,!$:Y?4$NCm0U$r$b$C$F;HMQ$7$J$$$H$$$1$J$$!%(B
$BN}=,LdBj(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#1!K(B
cc $B%3%^%s%I$r
$BN}=,LdBj!J#2!K(B
pstree $B%3%^%s%I$G!$%W%m%;%9$N?F;R4X78$r4Q;!$7$F$_$J$5$$!%(B
$BFC$K!$2<$NN}=,LdBj!J#3!K$N$h$&$J%Q%$%W$r;H$C$?%3%^%s%I
$BN}=,LdBj!J#3!K(B
man$B!$(BEmacs $BFb$G$N(B ESC x man $B$N;H$$J}$rN}=,$7$J$5$$!%(B
man $B$GI=<($5$l$k%^%K%e%"%k$N%U%!%$%k$O(B /usr/share/man $B%G%#%l%/%H%j0J2<$K$"$k!%(B
$B%^%K%e%"%k$N
% zcat /usr/share/man/ja/man1/ls.1.gz | nroff -man | less
$BN}=,LdBj!J#4!K(B
$B%G%P%C%,(B gdb, xxgdb, Emacs $BFb$G$N(B ESC x gdb $B$N;H$$J}$rN}=,$7!$<+J,$K$"$C$?J}K!$r8+$D$1$J$5$$!%(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#5!K(B
Segmentation fault $B$r5/$3$9%W%m%0%i%`$r$+$-!$$=$l$r%G%P%C%,$GDI@W$7!$$I$3$G5/$-$?$+$rD4$Y$J$5$$!%(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$O(B cc -g $B$G%3%s%Q%$%k$9$k$3$H!%(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#6!K(B
make $B%3%^%s%I$N$H$3$m$G<($7$?(B Makefile $B$H!$E,Ev$J(B C $B%W%m%0%i%`$G!$(Bmake $B%3%^%s%I$r;n$7$F$_$J$5$$!%(B
file-1.o, file-2.o $B$d(B a.out $B%U%!%$%k$r>C$7$F$_$?$j!$(Btouch file-1.c $B$J$I$H$7$F!$(Bmake $B$K$h$j$I$N$h$&$K%3%s%Q%$%i$,5/F0$5$l$k$+$r4Q;!$7$J$5$$!%(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#7!K(B
Makefile $B$O%3%s%Q%$%k$@$1$K;HMQ$9$kI,MW$O$J$$!%(B
$B%k!<%k$K$N$C$H$C$F!$=hM}$r$9$k$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$rC5n$G$"$k!%(B
Makefile $B$K%k!<%k$rDI2C$7!$0J2<$N$h$&$K%*%V%8%'%/%H%U%!%$%k$,>C5n$5$l$k$h$&$K$7$J$5$$!%(B
% make clean
/bin/rm -f a.out file-1.o file-2.o
%
$BN}=,LdBj!J#8!K(B
make $B$OJXMx$K;H$($k$h$&$K!$M=$aMM!9$J0EL[$N%k!<%k$r;}$C$F$*$j!$=hM}$NA4$F$r;v:Y$+$K(B Makefile $B$K5-=R$7$J$/$F$b=hM}$r9T$($k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!%(B
a.out $B$,(B file-1.o $B$H(B file-2.o $B$+$i:n$i$l$k0MB84X78$,Dj5A$5$l$F$*$j!$%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$K(B file-1.c$B!$(Bfile-2.c $B$,$"$k>l9g!$(Bmake $B$O(B .c $B$H$$$&%5%U%#%C%/%9$+$i(B cc -c $B%3%^%s%I$rMQ$$$F(B .o $B%U%!%$%k$r:n@.$9$k$H$$$&%k!<%k$r;}$C$F$$$k!%(B
$B$D$^$j!$(Bfile-1.o $B$O(B file-1.c $B$K0MB8$7!$(Bcc -c $B%3%^%s%I$G:n@.$9$k$H$$$&%k!<%k$r!$$$$A$$$A(B Makefile $B$K=q$/I,MW$O$J$/$J$k!%(B
$B$^$?JQ?t$rDj5A$9$k5!G=$b$"$j!$J#?t$N%U%!%$%kL>$rCM$H$7$F;}$DJQ?t$rDj5A$9$k$3$H$G!$$$$A$$$A%U%!%$%kL>$rNs5s$9$kI,MW$,L5$/$J$k!%(B
$BNc$($P!$(B
OBJS = file-1.o file-2.o
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$BN}=,LdBj!J#1#0!K(B
$B0J2<$N$h$&$K$9$k$H(B strace $B$K$h$j(B sh $B%7%'%k$,5/F0$5$l!$%H%l!<%97k2L$O(B sh.log $B$K=q$-=P$5$l$k!%(B
strace $B$K(B -f $B%*%W%7%g%s$r$D$1$k$3$H$K$h$j!$(Bsh $B$+$i5/F0$5$l$?;R%W%m%;%9$K$D$$$F$b%H%l!<%9$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
$B%H%l!<%9$5$l$?%7%'%k$NCf$G%3%^%s%I$r
% strace -f -o sh.log sh
sh-2.05b$ ls | sort | wc
18 18 255
sh-2.05b$ exit
exit
% egrep 'fork|pipe|dup|exec|exit|wait' sh.log
...
$B%7%9%F%`%W%m%0%i%`$G$O!$%i%$%V%i%j$d%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$rDL$7$F(BLinux$B%+!<%M%k$rD>@\E*$KMxMQ$9$k!%(B
UNIX OS[email protected](B
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$B%7%'%k$O(BCLI$B!J(BCommand Line Interface$B!K$rDL$7$F!$%f!<%6$+$i$N%3%^%s%I$r
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X$B%&%#%s%I%&%7%9%F%`$O!$%S%C%H%^%C%W%G%#%9%W%l%$>e$K%&%#%s%I%&$rI=<($9$k$?$a$N4pK\E*$J5!G=$rDs6!$9$k$@$1$G$"$k!%(B
$B%f!<%6$,%&%#%s%I%&$rA`:n$9$k$?$a$N(BGUI$B$O!$(BGNOME$B$d(BKDE$B$H$$$C$?%W%m%0%i%`72!J%G%9%/%H%C%W4D6-$H$b8F$P$l$k!K$K$h$jDs6!$5$l$k!%(B
$B%3%^%s%I$H$O!$%f!<%6$,!J%7%'%k$rDL$7$F!K%3%s%T%e!<%?$KM?$($kL?Na$G$"$k!%(B
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$B%3%^%s%I$O%7%'%k$H$OJL$N%W%m%0%i%`$G$"$k>l9g!J30It%3%^%s%I!K$b$"$k$7!$%7%'%k$KAH$_9~$^$l$F$$$k>l9g!JAH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I!K$b$"$k!%(B
cd, set, umask, exit$B$H$$$C$?%7%'%k<+?H$N>uBV$rJQ99$9$k%3%^%s%I$d!$(Bhistory$B$J$I$N%7%'%k$,;}$D>pJs$rI=<($9$k%3%^%s%I$OAH$_9~$_%3%^%s%I$G$"$k!%(B
$B$=$&$G$J$$%3%^%s%I$O!$DL>o30It%3%^%s%I$G$"$k!%(B
$B%3%^%s%I$H8F$V>l9g$H%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s$H8F$V>l9g$KL@3N$J0c$$$,$"$k$o$1$G$O$J$$!%(B
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$B$3$N>l9g$O!$0[>o=*N;$K$h$j4V0c$C$?$3$H$,5/$-$F$$$k$3$H$,$9$0$K$o$+$k$N$G!$$^$@$^$7$J>l9g$G$"$k!%(B
$B=q$-9~$a$k%G!<%?NN0h$@$,!$0U?^$H$O0c$&4V0c$C$?%"%I%l%9$K=q$-9~$^$l$F$7$^$&$H!$=q$-9~$_<[email protected]$7$F$7$^$$!$%W%m%0%i%`$N
$B$3$l$r$&$^$/;H$C$?$N$,%P%C%U%!%*!<%P%U%m!<$G$"$k!%(B
$B30It$+$i%9%?%C%/>e$K3NJ]$5$l$F$$$k%P%C%U%!$h$j$bB?$/$N%G!<%?!J%W%m%0%i%`!K$rFI$_9~$^$;$k$3$H$K$h$j!$%W%m%0%i%`$N
$B%]%$%s%?$OHs>o$KJXMx$G$"$j%7%9%F%`%W%m%0%i%_%s%0$K$O7g$+$;$J$$$,!$:Y?4$NCm0U$r$b$C$F;HMQ$7$J$$$H$$$1$J$$!%(B
cc $B%3%^%s%I$r
pstree $B%3%^%s%I$G!$%W%m%;%9$N?F;R4X78$r4Q;!$7$F$_$J$5$$!%(B
$BFC$K!$2<$NN}=,LdBj!J#3!K$N$h$&$J%Q%$%W$r;H$C$?%3%^%s%I
man$B!$(BEmacs $BFb$G$N(B ESC x man $B$N;H$$J}$rN}=,$7$J$5$$!%(B
man $B$GI=<($5$l$k%^%K%e%"%k$N%U%!%$%k$O(B /usr/share/man $B%G%#%l%/%H%j0J2<$K$"$k!%(B
$B%^%K%e%"%k$N
$B%G%P%C%,(B gdb, xxgdb, Emacs $BFb$G$N(B ESC x gdb $B$N;H$$J}$rN}=,$7!$<+J,$K$"$C$?J}K!$r8+$D$1$J$5$$!%(B
Segmentation fault $B$r5/$3$9%W%m%0%i%`$r$+$-!$$=$l$r%G%P%C%,$GDI@W$7!$$I$3$G5/$-$?$+$rD4$Y$J$5$$!%(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$O(B cc -g $B$G%3%s%Q%$%k$9$k$3$H!%(B
make $B%3%^%s%I$N$H$3$m$G<($7$?(B Makefile $B$H!$E,Ev$J(B C $B%W%m%0%i%`$G!$(Bmake $B%3%^%s%I$r;n$7$F$_$J$5$$!%(B
file-1.o, file-2.o $B$d(B a.out $B%U%!%$%k$r>C$7$F$_$?$j!$(Btouch file-1.c $B$J$I$H$7$F!$(Bmake $B$K$h$j$I$N$h$&$K%3%s%Q%$%i$,5/F0$5$l$k$+$r4Q;!$7$J$5$$!%(B
Makefile $B$O%3%s%Q%$%k$@$1$K;HMQ$9$kI,MW$O$J$$!%(B
$B%k!<%k$K$N$C$H$C$F!$=hM}$r$9$k$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$r
Makefile $B$K%k!<%k$rDI2C$7!$0J2<$N$h$&$K%*%V%8%'%/%H%U%!%$%k$,>C5n$5$l$k$h$&$K$7$J$5$$!%(B
make $B$OJXMx$K;H$($k$h$&$K!$M=$aMM!9$J0EL[$N%k!<%k$r;}$C$F$*$j!$=hM}$NA4$F$r;v:Y$+$K(B Makefile $B$K5-=R$7$J$/$F$b=hM}$r9T$($k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!%(B
a.out $B$,(B file-1.o $B$H(B file-2.o $B$+$i:n$i$l$k0MB84X78$,Dj5A$5$l$F$*$j!$%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$K(B file-1.c$B!$(Bfile-2.c $B$,$"$k>l9g!$(Bmake $B$O(B .c $B$H$$$&%5%U%#%C%/%9$+$i(B cc -c $B%3%^%s%I$rMQ$$$F(B .o $B%U%!%$%k$r:n@.$9$k$H$$$&%k!<%k$r;}$C$F$$$k!%(B
$B$D$^$j!$(Bfile-1.o $B$O(B file-1.c $B$K0MB8$7!$(Bcc -c $B%3%^%s%I$G:n@.$9$k$H$$$&%k!<%k$r!$$$$A$$$A(B Makefile $B$K=q$/I,MW$O$J$/$J$k!%(B
$B$^$?JQ?t$rDj5A$9$k5!G=$b$"$j!$J#?t$N%U%!%$%kL>$rCM$H$7$F;}$DJQ?t$rDj5A$9$k$3$H$G!$$$$A$$$A%U%!%$%kL>$rNs5s$9$kI,MW$,L5$/$J$k!%(B
$BNc$($P!$(B
$B$H=q$/$H!$%7%'%k$GJQ?tCM$r;2>H$9$k$H$-$N$h$&$K!$(B$(OBJS) $B$O(B file-1.o file-2.o $B$r0UL#$9$k$h$&$K$J$k!%(B
$BJQ?t$H0EL[$N%k!<%k$rMQ$$$F!$N}=,LdBj!J#7!K$G:n@.$7$?(B Makefile $B$r$G$-$k$@$1C;$/=q$-49$($J$5$$!%(B
$B;29M(B$B!'(B
$B0EL[$N%k!<%k$O(B make -p $B$r;H$&$HI=<($G$-$k!%(B
$B
$BF1$8%W%m%0%i%`$K$D$$$F!$F0E*%j%s%/!$@EE*%j%s%/!$$=$l$>$l$NJ}K!$G
$B0J2<$N$h$&$K$9$k$H(B strace $B$K$h$j(B sh $B%7%'%k$,5/F0$5$l!$%H%l!<%97k2L$O(B sh.log $B$K=q$-=P$5$l$k!%(B
strace $B$K(B -f $B%*%W%7%g%s$r$D$1$k$3$H$K$h$j!$(Bsh $B$+$i5/F0$5$l$?;R%W%m%;%9$K$D$$$F$b%H%l!<%9$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
$B%H%l!<%9$5$l$?%7%'%k$NCf$G%3%^%s%I$r$B!&(BX$B%&%#%s%I%&%7%9%F%`$H(BGUI$B!J(BGraphical User Interface$B!K(B
$B!&%3%^%s%I!$%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s(B
$B!&%5!<%P!$%G!<%b%s(B
$B!&%7%9%F%`%3!<%k!$%i%$%V%i%j!$%_%I%k%&%'%"(B
$B!&(BUNIX$B%+!<%M%k(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`!$%i%$%V%i%j4X?t!$%7%9%F%`%3!<%k$N4X78(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$N
$B%W%m%0%i%`$H%W%m%;%9$N4X78(B
$B0lJ}!$%W%m%;%9$K$O
$B%W%m%;%9$N4Q;!(B
% ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
32173 pts/1 00:00:00 tcsh
32190 pts/1 00:00:00 ps
% ps xu
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
shui 32173 0.0 0.7 4100 1804 pts/1 S 11:51 0:00 -tcsh
shui 32209 0.1 0.7 4104 1800 pts/2 S 11:52 0:00 -tcsh
shui 32242 7.4 1.7 8800 4524 pts/2 S 11:53 0:00 emacs -nw
shui 32253 0.0 0.3 2836 892 pts/1 R 11:53 0:00 ps xu
% pstree
init-+-X
|-apmd
|-atd
|-automount
|-bdflush
|-cannaserver
|-crond
|-dpkeyserv
|-gdm---gdmlogin
|-gdm
|-gmond---gmond---6*[gmond]
|-gpm
|-jserver---jserver
|-kapmd
|-keventd
|-khubd
|-klogd
|-kscand/DMA
|-kscand/HighMem
|-kscand/Normal
|-ksoftirqd_CPU0
|-kswapd
|-kupdated
|-lockd
|-lpd
|-mdrecoveryd
|-6*[mingetty]
|-ntpd
|-pg_ctl---postmaster
|-portmap
|-rpc.statd
|-rpciod
|-sendmail
|-sshd-+-sshd---tcsh
| |-sshd---tcsh---pstree
| `-sshd---tcsh---emacs
|-syslogd
|-xfs
|-xinetd
|-ypbind---ypbind---2*[ypbind]
`-ypserv
% top -d 1
11:55am up 12 days, 2:53, 3 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
66 processes: 64 sleeping, 2 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped
CPU states: 0.0% user, 0.0% system, 0.0% nice, 100.0% idle
Mem: 254860K av, 250020K used, 4840K free, 0K shrd, 25900K buff
Swap: 530104K av, 36744K used, 493360K free 169928K cached
PID USER PRI NI SIZE RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM TIME COMMAND
1 root 10 0 516 484 448 S 0.0 0.1 0:04 init
2 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 keventd
3 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 kapmd
4 root 19 19 0 0 0 SWN 0.0 0.0 0:00 ksoftirqd_CPU0
5 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:02 kswapd
6 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 kscand/DMA
7 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:01 kscand/Normal
8 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 kscand/HighMem
9 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 bdflush
10 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:01 kupdated
11 root -1 -20 0 0 0 SW< 0.0 0.0 0:00 mdrecoveryd
74 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:00 khubd
493 root 9 0 588 540 480 S 0.0 0.2 0:00 syslogd
498 root 9 0 1144 428 424 S 0.0 0.1 0:00 klogd
512 rpc 9 0 592 548 492 S 0.0 0.2 0:40 portmap
530 rpcuser 9 0 688 564 560 S 0.0 0.2 0:00 rpc.statd
618 root 9 0 0 0 0 SW 0.0 0.0 0:12 rpciod
$B%W%m%0%i%`$N3+H/4D6-(B
$B%^%K%e%"%k$NFI$_J}(B
% man $B%7%9%F%`%3!<%kL>(B
% man $B%i%$%V%i%j4X?tL>(B
% man $B%3%^%s%IL>(B
% man -k $B%-!<%o!<%I(B
$B#1>O(B $B%3%^%s%I(B $B#2>O(B $B%7%9%F%`%3!<%k(B $B#3>O(B $B%i%$%V%i%j4X?t(B $B#4>O(B $B%G%P%$%9%U%!%$%k(B $B#5>O(B $B%U%!%$%k7A<0(B $B#6>O(B $B%2!<%`(B $B#7>O(B $B$=$NB>(B $B#8>O(B $B4IM}MQ%3%^%s%I(B
% man 3 printf
% man 2 intro
$B%3%s%Q%$%k$H%j%s%/(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`:n@.$+$i
% nl -ba sum.c
1 #define MAX 10
2
3 main()
4 {
5 int i, total;
6
7 total = 0;
8 for (i = 1; i <= MAX; i++)
9 total += i;
10
11 printf("total = %d\n", total);
12 }
% cc sum.c
% ./a.out
total = 55
%
cc$B$K$h$j5/F0$5$l$k%W%m%0%i%`(B
% cc -v sum.c
Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/specs
gcc version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1)
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/cpp0 -lang-c -v -D__GNUC__=2 -D__GNUC_MINOR__=96 -D__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__=0 -D__ELF__ -Dunix -Dlinux -D__ELF__ -D__unix__ -D__linux__ -D__unix -D__linux -Asystem(posix) -D__NO_INLINE__ -Acpu(i386) -Amachine(i386) -Di386 -D__i386 -D__i386__ -D__tune_i386__ sum.c /tmp/cc7enFUM.i
GNU CPP version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1) (cpplib) (i386 Linux/ELF)
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/i386-redhat-linux/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
/usr/local/include
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/include
/usr/include
End of search list.
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/cc1 /tmp/cc7enFUM.i -quiet -dumpbase sum.c -version -o /tmp/ccAeJU5p.s
GNU C version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1) (i386-redhat-linux) compiled by GNU C version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1).
as -V -Qy -o /tmp/ccd7Y7D1.o /tmp/ccAeJU5p.s
GNU assembler version 2.10.91 (i386-redhat-linux) using BFD version 2.10.91.0.2
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/collect2 -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. /tmp/ccd7Y7D1.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
%
cc -E
% cc -E sum.c | nl -ba
1 # 3 "sum.c"
2 main()
3 {
4 int i, total;
5
6 total = 0;
7 for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
8 total += i;
9
10 printf("total = %d\n", total);
11 }
%
$B%j%s%/(B
% cc -c sum.c
% ls sum.o
sum.o
% cc -v sum.o
Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/specs
gcc version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1)
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/collect2 -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. sum.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
%
% /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/collect2 -v -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. sum.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
collect2 version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-112.7.1) (i386 Linux/ELF)/usr/bin/ld -v -m elf_i386 -dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crti.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtbegin.o -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96 -L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../.. sum.o -lgcc -lc -lgcc /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-redhat-linux/2.96/../../../crtn.o
GNU ld version 2.10.91 (with BFD 2.10.91.0.2)
%
$BF0E*%j%s%/$H@EE*%j%s%/(B
% file a.out
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped
% ldd a.out
libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x4002d000)
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)
%
% cc -static sum.c
% ldd a.out
not a dynamic executable
% file a.out
a.out: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.2.5, statically linked, not stripped
$B$=$NB>$N!JHf3SE*!KNI$/;H$o$l$k(B cc $B$N%*%W%7%g%s(B
$B%G%P%C%,(B
% cc segfault.c
% a.out
Segmentation fault
% cc -g segfault.c
% gdb a.out
GNU gdb Red Hat Linux (5.1-0.71)
Copyright 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are
welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions.
Type "show copying" to see the conditions.
There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux"...
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/lab/Denjo/shui/syspro/a.out
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x08048473 in access_null_pointer () at segfault.c:7
7 printf("%c", *a);
(gdb) backtrace
#0 0x08048473 in access_null_pointer () at segfault.c:7
#1 0x08048493 in test () at segfault.c:12
#2 0x080484a3 in main () at segfault.c:17
#3 0x40049336 in __libc_start_main (main=0x8048498
2
3 access_null_pointer()
4 {
5 char *a = NULL;
6
7 printf("%c", *a);
8 }
9
10 test()
11 {
(gdb) print a
$1 = 0x0
(gdb) quit
The program is running. Exit anyway? (y or n) y
%
xxgdb
Emacs $B$NCf$+$i(B gdb
$B$H$9$k!%(B
strace $B%3%^%s%I(B
% nl -ba getputchar.c
1 #include <stdio.h>
2
3 main()
4 {
5 int c;
6
7 while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)
8 putchar(c);
9 }
% cc getputchar.c
% strace -o /dev/pts/1 ./a.out
1
1
1234567890
1234567890
%
% tty
/dev/pts/1
% execve("./a.out", ["./a.out"], [/* 46 vars */]) = 0
uname({sys="Linux", node="adonis1.coins.tsukuba.ac.jp", ...}) = 0
brk(0) = 0x804962c
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40016000
open("/etc/ld.so.preload", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=87112, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 87112, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x40017000
close(3) = 0
open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0 \304\1"..., 1024) = 1024
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=5737218, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 1267240, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x4002d000
mprotect(0x40159000, 38440, PROT_NONE) = 0
old_mmap(0x40159000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED, 3, 0x12b000) = 0x40159000
old_mmap(0x4015f000, 13864, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4015f000
close(3) = 0
munmap(0x40017000, 87112) = 0
fstat64(0, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40017000
read(0, "1\n", 1024) = 2
fstat64(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(136, 0), ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40018000
write(1, "1\n", 2) = 2
read(0, "1234567890\n", 1024) = 11
write(1, "1234567890\n", 11) = 11
read(0, "", 1024) = 0
munmap(0x40018000, 4096) = 0
_exit(-1) = ?
% strace ./a.out
execve("./a.out", ["./a.out"], [/* 46 vars */]) = 0
uname({sys="Linux", node="adonis1.coins.tsukuba.ac.jp", ...}) = 0
brk(0) = 0x804961c
old_mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x40016000
open("/etc/ld.so.preload", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
open("/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY) = 3
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=87112, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 87112, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x40017000
close(3) = 0
open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3
read(3, "\177ELF\1\1\1\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0\3\0\1\0\0\0 \304\1"..., 1024) = 1024
fstat64(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=5737218, ...}) = 0
old_mmap(NULL, 1267240, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x4002d000
mprotect(0x40159000, 38440, PROT_NONE) = 0
old_mmap(0x40159000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED, 3, 0x12b000) = 0x40159000
old_mmap(0x4015f000, 13864, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x4015f000
close(3) = 0
munmap(0x40017000, 87112) = 0
--- SIGSEGV (Segmentation fault) ---
+++ killed by SIGSEGV +++
%
make $B%3%^%s%I(B
a.out: file-1.o file-2.o
cc file-1.o file-2.o
file-1.o: file-1.c
cc -c file-1.c
file-2.o: file-2.c
cc -c file-2.c
$B%?!<%2%C%H(B: $B0MB8$9$k%U%!%$%k(B
<TAB>$B%?!<%2%C%H:n@.$N$?$a$N=hM}(B1
<TAB>$B%?!<%2%C%H:n@.$N$?$a$N=hM}(B2
...
<TAB>$B%?!<%2%C%H:n@.$N$?$a$N=hM}(Bn
% make
cc -c file-1.c
cc -c file-2.c
cc file-1.o file-2.o
%
file-2.c$B$rJQ99(B
% make
cc -c file-2.c
cc file-1.o file-2.o
%
$B$A$g$C$HI|=,(B
$B%]%$%s%?(B
1 main()
2 {
3 void *buf;
4 read(0, buf, 1);
5 }
1 main()
2 {
3 char a;
4 void *buf;
5 buf = &a;
6 read(0, buf, 1);
7 }
$BN}=,LdBj(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#1!K(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#2!K(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#3!K(B
% zcat /usr/share/man/ja/man1/ls.1.gz | nroff -man | less
$BN}=,LdBj!J#4!K(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#5!K(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#6!K(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#7!K(B
% make clean
/bin/rm -f a.out file-1.o file-2.o
%
$BN}=,LdBj!J#8!K(B
OBJS = file-1.o file-2.o
$BN}=,LdBj!J#9!K(B
$BN}=,LdBj!J#1#0!K(B
% strace -f -o sh.log sh
sh-2.05b$ ls | sort | wc
18 18 255
sh-2.05b$ exit
exit
% egrep 'fork|pipe|dup|exec|exit|wait' sh.log
...