MATLA绘制三角方块热力图（完整代码与函数）

原创已于 2025-07-17 14:58:33 修改 · 757 阅读

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文章标签：

#matlab #数学建模 #开发语言

于 2025-07-17 11:34:33 首次发布

文章目录

概要

本文基于 MATLAB 实际项目经验，详细讲解如何使用自定义 colormap 绘制相关性矩阵图（Correlation Matrix）。
相比于 MATLAB 默认的颜色映射方案，通过手动定义颜色梯度，可以更直观地表达变量之间的相关关系。
特别适用于数据分析、机器学习特征相关性分析、汽车性能数据分析等场景。

整体架构流程

数据加载
使用 load 函数读取保存的 .mat 文件数据。
标签定义
使用 xlb 和 ylb 定义图形坐标轴标签，保证信息完整性和易读性。
自定义色图 colormap
手动定义 RGB 三元数组，通过 colormap(map) 应用。
相关性矩阵计算与绘制
使用 MATLAB 自带 corr 函数求取相关性矩阵，结合 imagesc 函数绘制。
图形美化
设置颜色条（colorbar）、坐标轴标签、标题等细节。

技术名词解释

imagesc
MATLAB 中用于绘制彩色矩阵图的函数，比 imshow 更适合科学数据展示。
colormap
控制图像中颜色值映射的表格，可自定义 RGB 色值。
相关性矩阵 (Correlation Matrix)
显示多变量间两两相关系数的表格，值范围 [-1, 1]，反映变量间的线性关系。

技术细节

RGB 数值范围为 [0, 1]，不支持超过范围的值。
需要提前准备 data.mat 文件，否则无法运行。
若数据维度不同，请同步调整标签数组长度。

完整代码

clear;clc
%% 数据准备
% 读取数据
load data.mat
% [1.000000000000000	0.670000000000000	0.760000000000000	0.060000000000000	0.050000000000000	0.380000000000000	0.110000000000000	0.450000000000000	0.540000000000000	0.480000000000000
% 0.810000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.230000000000000	0.550000000000000	0.780000000000000	0.630000000000000	0.530000000000000	0.820000000000000	0.430000000000000	0.440000000000000
% 0.530000000000000	0.570000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.700000000000000	0.120000000000000	0.960000000000000	0.370000000000000	0.670000000000000	0.550000000000000	0.290000000000000
% 1.000000000000000	0.260000000000000	0.600000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.720000000000000	0.570000000000000	0.940000000000000	0.010000000000000	0.430000000000000	0.360000000000000
% 0.910000000000000	0.790000000000000	0.410000000000000	0.410000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.400000000000000	0.610000000000000	0.400000000000000	0.410000000000000	0.520000000000000
% 0.560000000000000	0.770000000000000	0.670000000000000	0.810000000000000	0.130000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.780000000000000	0.550000000000000	0.690000000000000	0.130000000000000
% 0.150000000000000	0.450000000000000	0.800000000000000	0.220000000000000	0.800000000000000	0.710000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.750000000000000	0.650000000000000	0.600000000000000
% 0.520000000000000	0.470000000000000	0.200000000000000	0.510000000000000	0.880000000000000	0.290000000000000	0.070000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.390000000000000	0.270000000000000
% 0.110000000000000	0.020000000000000	0.040000000000000	0.090000000000000	0.160000000000000	0.270000000000000	0.430000000000000	0.970000000000000	1.000000000000000	0.810000000000000
% 0.730000000000000	0.600000000000000	0.850000000000000
% 0.010000000000000	0.060000000000000	0.940000000000000
% 0.440000000000000	0.390000000000000	0.110000000000000
% 1.000000000000000]%s数据
% 数据矩阵
Z = data;
% 标签
xlb = {'Carb','Wt','Hp','Cyl','Disp','Qsec','Vs','Mpg','Drat','Gear'};
ylb = {'Carb','Wt','Hp','Cyl','Disp','Qsec','Vs','Mpg','Drat','Gear'};

%% 颜色定义
map = [0.619607843137255	0.003921568627451	0.258823529411765
0.627450980392157	0.011764705882353	0.258823529411765
0.631372549019608	0.015686274509804	0.262745098039216
0.639215686274510	0.027450980392157	0.262745098039216
0.647058823529412	0.035294117647059	0.262745098039216
0.654901960784314	0.043137254901961	0.266666666666667
0.662745098039216	0.050980392156863	0.266666666666667
0.678431372549020	0.066666666666667	0.270588235294118
0.686274509803922	0.074509803921569	0.274509803921569
0.690196078431373	0.082352941176471	0.274509803921569
0.698039215686274	0.090196078431373	0.278431372549020
0.705882352941177	0.098039215686275	0.278431372549020
0.709803921568627	0.105882352941176	0.278431372549020
0.717647058823529	0.113725490196078	0.282352941176471
0.733333333333333	0.129411764705882	0.286274509803922
0.737254901960784	0.133333333333333	0.286274509803922
0.745098039215686	0.145098039215686	0.290196078431373
0.756862745098039	0.156862745098039	0.290196078431373
0.764705882352941	0.164705882352941	0.290196078431373
0.768627450980392	0.172549019607843	0.294117647058824
0.776470588235294	0.180392156862745	0.294117647058824
0.788235294117647	0.188235294117647	0.298039215686275
0.792156862745098	0.196078431372549	0.298039215686275
0.803921568627451	0.211764705882353	0.301960784313725
0.811764705882353	0.219607843137255	0.301960784313725
0.819607843137255	0.227450980392157	0.305882352941176
0.827450980392157	0.235294117647059	0.305882352941176
0.835294117647059	0.243137254901961	0.305882352941176
0.839215686274510	0.250980392156863	0.305882352941176
0.843137254901961	0.254901960784314	0.301960784313725
0.850980392156863	0.266666666666667	0.301960784313725
0.850980392156863	0.270588235294118	0.301960784313725
0.854901960784314	0.278431372549020	0.298039215686275
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0.909803921568627	0.356862745098039	0.278431372549020
0.913725490196078	0.364705882352941	0.278431372549020
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0.937254901960784	0.400000000000000	0.266666666666667
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0.349019607843137	0.705882352941177	0.666666666666667
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0.282352941176471	0.627450980392157	0.701960784313725
0.270588235294118	0.615686274509804	0.705882352941177
0.266666666666667	0.611764705882353	0.709803921568627
0.262745098039216	0.607843137254902	0.709803921568627
0.250980392156863	0.592156862745098	0.713725490196078
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0.203921568627451	0.541176470588235	0.737254901960784
0.196078431372549	0.529411764705882	0.737254901960784
0.200000000000000	0.521568627450980	0.733333333333333
0.203921568627451	0.517647058823529	0.733333333333333
0.211764705882353	0.509803921568627	0.729411764705882
0.219607843137255	0.501960784313725	0.725490196078431
0.223529411764706	0.490196078431373	0.721568627450980
0.235294117647059	0.478431372549020	0.713725490196078
0.239215686274510	0.470588235294118	0.713725490196078
0.239215686274510	0.470588235294118	0.713725490196078
0.247058823529412	0.458823529411765	0.705882352941177
0.258823529411765	0.447058823529412	0.698039215686274
0.266666666666667	0.439215686274510	0.694117647058824
0.270588235294118	0.431372549019608	0.690196078431373
0.274509803921569	0.427450980392157	0.686274509803922
0.282352941176471	0.415686274509804	0.682352941176471
0.290196078431373	0.403921568627451	0.678431372549020
0.301960784313725	0.392156862745098	0.674509803921569
0.305882352941176	0.388235294117647	0.670588235294118
0.305882352941176	0.384313725490196	0.670588235294118];


%% 图片尺寸设置（单位：厘米）
figureUnits = 'centimeters';
figureWidth = 15;
figureHeight = 15;

%% 窗口设置
figureHandle = figure;
set(gcf, 'Units', figureUnits, 'Position', [0 0 figureWidth figureHeight]);

%% 三角方块热图绘制
trisquareheatmap(Z,80,1000,xlb,ylb,'triu') % 上三角
% trisquareheatmap(Z,80,1000,xlb,ylb,'trid') % 下三角

%% 细节优化
% 赋色
colormap(map)
% 字体和字号
set(gca, 'FontName', 'Arial', 'FontSize', 10)
% 背景颜色
set(gcf,'Color',[1 1 1])

函数代码

function trisquareheatmap(data,minsz,maxsz,xlb,ylb,type)
% data - m*n matrix
% minsz   - size of the min square
% maxsz   - size of the max square
% xlb     - xticklabels
% ylb     - yticklabels
% type    - 'trid' lower triangle square heatmap
%         - 'triu' upper triangle square heatmap

% 构造方块位置数据
x = 1:size(data,2);
y = 1:size(data,1);
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = data;

% 构造网格数据
w = x(2)-x(1);
Xt = (x(1)-w/2):w:(x(end)+w/2);
Yt = (y(1)-w/2):w:(y(end)+w/2);
[Xmesh,Ymesh] = meshgrid(Xt,Yt);
Zmesh = zeros(size(Xmesh));

% 构造方块尺寸数据
minz = min(data(:));
maxz = max(data(:));
S = minsz+(data(:)-minz)./(maxz-minz).*(maxsz-minsz);

% 三角
switch type
    case 'trid'
        % 三角方块数据构造
        temp = triu(ones(size(data)),1);
        idx = find(temp==1);
        data(idx) = NaN;
        Z = data;
        % 三角网格数据构造
        Zmesh = zeros(size(Xmesh));
        temp = triu(ones(size(Zmesh)),2);
        idx2 = find(temp==1);
        Zmesh(idx2) = NaN;
        % 绘制下三角方块热图
        mesh(Xmesh,Ymesh,Zmesh,'EdgeColor',[0.2 0.2 0.2],'LineWidth',1)
        hold on
        scatter(X(:),Y(:),S,Z(:),'s','filled')
        set(gca,'ydir','reverse')
        view(0,90)
        axis equal tight off
        set(gca,'xticklabels',[])
        for i = 1:size(Z,1)
            text(0.3,Y(i,1),xlb{i},'HorizontalAlignment','right','VerticalAlignment','middle','FontSize',11,'FontName','arial','color','k')
            text(X(1,i),Y(i,1)-0.6,ylb{i},'HorizontalAlignment','center','VerticalAlignment','bottom','FontSize',11,'FontName','arial','color','k')
        end
        colorbar('southoutside')

    case 'triu'
        % 三角方块数据构造
        temp = triu(ones(size(data)));
        idx = find(temp==0);
        data(idx) = NaN;
        Z = data;
        % 三角网格数据构造
        Zmesh = zeros(size(Xmesh));
        temp = triu(ones(size(Zmesh)),-1);
        idx2 = find(temp==0);
        Zmesh(idx2) = NaN;   
        % 绘制上三角方块热图
        mesh(Xmesh,Ymesh,Zmesh,'EdgeColor',[0.2 0.2 0.2],'LineWidth',1)
        hold on
        scatter(X(:),Y(:),S,Z(:),'s','filled')
        set(gca,'ydir','reverse')
        view(0,90)
        axis equal tight off
        set(gca,'yticklabels',[])
        for i = 1:size(Z,1)
            text(X(1,i),0.4,xlb{i},'HorizontalAlignment','center','VerticalAlignment','bottom','FontSize',11,'FontName','arial','color','k')
            text(X(1,i)-0.6,Y(i,1),ylb{i},'HorizontalAlignment','right','VerticalAlignment','middle','FontSize',11,'FontName','arial','color','k')
        end
        colorbar('eastoutside')
end

end

小结

通过自定义 colormap，MATLAB 的可视化能力可以更加灵活和富有表现力。
本案例不仅适合初学者练习，也可以直接用于实际项目中：

✅ 支持任意维度相关性矩阵绘制
✅ 高度定制色彩图层次与风格
✅ 易于嵌入 MATLAB App Designer 或报告系统