用 FastAPI 构建高性能 RESTful 接口服务（含部署教程）

2501_92823542

于 2025-08-05 15:36:59 发布

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文章标签： fastapi restful 后端

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/2501_92823542/article/details/149938984

在构建现代 Web API 服务时，Python 开发者的首选已经从传统的 Flask 转向更快、更现代化的框架——FastAPI。它基于 Starlette + Pydantic 构建，具备异步支持、自动文档生成、极高性能等优势。本文将从入门到部署，手把手带你搭建一个高性能 API 服务。

一、FastAPI 的优势

✅ 异步支持（基于 asyncio）
✅ 自动 OpenAPI 文档 (/docs)
✅ 请求参数自动验证（Pydantic）
✅ 性能媲美 Node.js / Go（Uvicorn 驱动）

二、安装 FastAPI 和 Uvicorn

bash

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pip install fastapi uvicorn

三、Hello FastAPI 示例

📄 main.py

python

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from fastapi import FastAPI app = FastAPI() @app.get("/") async def root(): return {"message": "Hello, FastAPI!"}

运行：

bash

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uvicorn main:app --reload

浏览器访问：http://127.0.0.1:8000/
自动文档：http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs

四、定义接口参数和模型

python

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from pydantic import BaseModel class User(BaseModel): username: str email: str age: int @app.post("/users/") async def create_user(user: User): return {"status": "success", "data": user}

POST /users/ 请求：

json

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{ "username": "花花", "email": "hua@example.com", "age": 28 }

五、路径参数与查询参数

python

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@app.get("/items/{item_id}") async def read_item(item_id: int, q: str = None): return {"item_id": item_id, "query": q}

访问示例：http://localhost:8000/items/1?q=abc

六、异步数据库操作（SQLModel 示例）

bash

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pip install sqlmodel[sqlite]

python

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from sqlmodel import Field, SQLModel, create_engine, Session class Blog(SQLModel, table=True): id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True) title: str content: str engine = create_engine("sqlite:///db.sqlite") SQLModel.metadata.create_all(engine) @app.post("/blogs/") async def create_blog(blog: Blog): with Session(engine) as session: session.add(blog) session.commit() session.refresh(blog) return blog

七、部署 FastAPI 到服务器（Gunicorn + Uvicorn）

安装依赖：

bash

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pip install gunicorn uvicorn

生产运行：

bash

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gunicorn -w 4 -k uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker main:app

使用 Nginx 做反向代理：

nginx

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server { listen 80; server_name api.myserver.com; location / { proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000; proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; } }

启动并守护进程：

bash

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nohup gunicorn -w 4 -k uvicorn.workers.UvicornWorker main:app &

八、性能测试（与 Flask 对比）

使用 wrk 或 ab 进行压力测试：

Flask（单线程）：约 800 req/s
FastAPI（async + 4 workers）：约 3500+ req/s

九、常用插件推荐

插件	用途
fastapi-jwt-auth	JWT 权限控制
fastapi-mail	邮件发送
fastapi-users	快速用户系统
SQLModel / TortoiseORM	异步 ORM 支持

十、总结

FastAPI 是当下 Python 构建 Web API 的首选框架。它在性能、开发体验和生态上都十分优秀，特别适合用来搭建：

微服务后端接口
高性能数据服务
WebSocket 服务
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