linux operation system-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Carlos5en/article/details/149308788

更多个人博客见：
（注意点击“继续”，而不是“发现新项目”）
github个人笔记仓库 https://github.com/ZHLOVEYY/IT_note
gitee 个人笔记仓库 https://gitee.com/harryhack/it_note
个人学习，学习过程中还会不断补充～（后续会更新在github上）

20 % operation can solve 80 % problems

learning resources

guide: 鱼皮的总结

knowledge

95% of Operation and maintenance are online servers

centos installation

centos 10 is preferred安装centOS和配置教程
when installiing:
make sure to add your own app as a management group, and turn on wifi option

dnf have taken the place of yum

change the net source

use proxy
终端代理science net
虚拟机连物理机代理端口

Physical machines and virtual machines share the clipboard

sudo dnf install -y open-vm-tools open-vm-tools-desktop
easy for your test and copy the instruction
if you use mac ,remember that you need to use Crtl+shift+v to paste in virtual machine, and cmd +c in mac to copy

Input method switch

in setting , choose “智能拼音”, add to source
i set Ctrl + W to change the input method

concept note

crontab

explanation

* * * * *
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └─ What day of the week (0-7) (0 or 7 is Sunday)
│ │ │ └─── Month (1-12)
│ │ └───── Date (1-31)
│ └─────── Hour (0-23)
└───────── Minute (0-59)

example

# Executed at midnight every day
0 0 * * * /root/xxxx/cleanshell/clean-es-posts.sh

# every Monday morning
0 3 * * 1 /root/xxxxx/cleanshell/clean-es-posts.sh

# first day of each month.
0 3 1 * * /root/xxxxx/cleanshell/clean-es-posts.sh

# three o 'clock every afternoo
0 15 * * * /root/xxxxx/cleanshell/clean-es-posts.sh

# every hour
0 * * * * /root/ xxxxx/cleanshell/clean-es-posts.sh

Files

Create： mkdir touch

mkdir /tmp/test   # Create directories and files
ls /tmp  
cd /tmp/test  # change to test
pwd # where are you now 
touch file1.txt file2.txt # Create files
ls # 应该看到file1.txt和file2.txt

copy：cp

cp file1.txt file1_copy.txt # copy

move： mv

mv file2.txt /tmp/  # 移动文件，tmp后的/有和没有区别不大

delete files and directories : rm

rm
rm -f # 
rm -rf # Recursively confirm deletion

create chains

ln -s file1.txt file1_link.txt # Create a soft link
ln file1.txt file1_hard.txt # create a hard link of  file1_hard.txt
ls -l # check the soft/hard link (-> / inode )

soft link: like Shortcut, if the source file is lost, it’s gone
hard link: Create a new directory entry on the file’s inode (The unique identifier of the file on disk ), two share the same inode and data blocks. so modify will change at the same time

search :find

find /tmp -type f -name "*.txt" # search all the .txt file under /tmp

see content: cat

cat proc.txt # 查看文件

vim

yy   # Copy the current line
u # undo 撤销
Ctrl + r # cancel undo
also search mode

scp to translate files

scp -P 22 /Users/mac/Downloads/myfile.txt root@142.171.225.226:/root/

permission

755 ： read write ex
![[…/attachments/Pasted image 20250415205624.png]]

chmod 750 file1.txt # set the permission as rwxr-x---（750）
umask -> set to count the permission

use chown / chrgp to change the owner / group of a file

User Management

sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash testuser # create user : testuser 
#-m：Create a home directory
#-s /bin/bash：Set the default shell to bash。
#If -m is not used, the user will not have an independent home directory, which may cause some programs to fail to run normally. The -s option specifies the default login Shell for the user

sudo passwd testuser #Enter a new password (e.g. 123456) and say that the password is incorrect, just enter it normally
id testuser #show uid / gid
grep testuser /etc/passwd # 看到testuser一行
sudo usermod -aG wheel testuser #Add to the wheel group -> have the root permission 
su - testuser #change the user 
sudo ls /root #To verify permissions, enter testuser password, expected: can list the /root content
exit

Process management

ps aux  # View all processes
ps aux | grep bash  # Filter the 'bash' process
# PS:Calling "ps aux" to find "xxx" itself is also a process (show in result)
top #observe CPU and memory usage rates, and press q to exit

PID：Process ID (Key Points to Remember

htop do better than top

background (terminal)

sleep 1000 & 
# set a Background process, sleep 1000s, &: put to the background ,Prevent blocking of the current shell
jobs 
jobs -l  # check the background process in the current terminal
killall sleep # stop all the sleep progress 

# Front-end and back-end switching
sleep 1000 #fg frontgroud 
Crtl+Z -> put to the background 
jobs 
fg %1 # put to fg, mission %1
Crtl+C to stop

ps aux：All running processes (including other users, endpoints, daemons)
jobs： Only the background/pause tasks started by the current terminal

nohup : taks may be terminated when the terminal is closed, use nohup to solve

nohup sleep 1000 &
ps aux | grep sleep 
cat nohup.out # nohup will generate the nohup.out file, sleep has no output, so it is empty

Pipelines and Redirection

ps aux | grep bash > proc.txt # will save as a txt 
ps aux | grep bash >> proc.txt # Append input >> : Append will not overwrite

# Redirection
ls /notexist 2> error.txt
stderr (File Descriptor 2) output to error.txt if cannot ls /notexist

net check/ port check

ss netstat

ip addr #Check the ip address, have different net card 
ss -tuln  # check the listening ports
ss -tuln | grep 80 # 这时候nginx就在监听了
netstat -tulnp # like ss

sudo netstat/ss -tuln | grep -E ':80|:443'

nmap

nmap -p 80,443 142.171.225.226

ufw

sudo ufw status
sudo ufw allow 80 
sudo ufw allow 443 
sudo ufw reload

curl

Check the response header and status code
![[…/attachments/Pasted image 20250415205703.png]]
bfe: baidu’s load balancing server -> 302 means redirection
-L：Auto-follow redirection- > will show the true result
-v: Displays detailed request and response procedures
-s : no output
-o : output file like : curl -o baidu.html https://baidu.com

check mywebsite:

curl -I http://231114.top

Service Management

systemctl

nginx -v # 显示版本
sudo systemctl start nginx # 启动服务
sudo systemctl status nginx # 检查状态
sudo systemctl enable nginx # 设置开机自动启动
sudo systemctl stop nginx # 关闭服务
sudo systemctl status nginx # 验证

operation note

File path problem

When executed in different folders, new files will be output in different folders(if you use ./ in your file).
like:

bash -x /root/xxxxx/cleanshell/clean-es-posts.sh （in shell you need absolute path）

package management

a nodejs / npm install :

sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -f # -f try to fix 

sudo apt remove --purge libnode-dev # purge will remove the setting files 
sudo apt autoremove 

curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_20.x | sudo -E bash -
sudo apt install -y --reinstall nodejs # reinstall to cover the files 
sudo apt install -y npm

when you need to restart service, can use N to pass

nginx

concerning deploy webserer
if you buildup nginx -> show you can set things

sudo apt install -y nginx

upload a dist file

sudo cp /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-available/default.bak
sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/myvue

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name 231114.top 142.171.225.226;

    location / {
        root /var/www/vuetest; # change to the dist route
        index index.html index.htm;
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html; # Support Vue Router
    }

    # 可选：错误页面
    error_page 404 /index.html;
}

# set up soft link
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/myvue /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
# (you can choose)
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default

sudo nginx -t # check the grammar 
sudo systemctl restart nginx

i put in /var/www is preferred

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/vuetest 
sudo mv /root/vuetest/dist /var/www/vuetest/ # move the file

# change the permisson
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/vuetest
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/vuetest