2011: Mex Query

<think>Hmm, the user query "serval and final mex" seems ambiguous at first glance. The term "serval" could refer to the wild cat species, while "final mex" might be a misspelling or abbreviation of "final MEX" in mathematics. Given the lack of clear context, it's necessary to investigate both possibilities. For "serval", the biological interpretation is straightforward - it's a medium-sized African wild cat. But "final mex" requires more careful analysis since it could relate to combinatorial game theory or competitive programming concepts. The mathematical angle appears more probable in a technical context. MEX stands for Minimum Excluded Value, a fundamental concept in game theory and algorithm design. The "final mex" likely refers to the last MEX value computed in a sequence or game state. Search results confirm this interpretation. Multiple programming resources discuss calculating MEX values in arrays, especially for Nim game variants. The key insight is that final MEX determines winning positions in impartial games. For clarity, the response should: - First disambiguate "serval" as the animal - Then focus on "final mex" as the mathematical concept - Provide formal definition with proper LaTeX formatting - Include a Python implementation example - Explain its significance in game outcomes The user might be preparing for programming competitions or studying game theory. The related questions should therefore explore both the biological curiosity about servals and deeper applications of MEX in algorithms. Potential pitfalls to avoid: - Don't merge the two unrelated topics (animal vs math) - Ensure code examples are correctly formatted - Verify mathematical notation renders properly - Keep related questions focused yet distinct</think>基于网络搜索，"serval" 和 "final mex" 涉及两个不同领域的概念，需分别解释： ### 一、Serval（非洲薮猫） - **生物学特征**：中型野生猫科动物（*Leptailurus serval*），分布于撒哈拉以南非洲。 - **识别特征**： - 体型修长，腿长比例猫科第一 - 金黄色皮毛带黑色斑点条纹 - 耳廓巨大（高度约8cm），可独立旋转定位猎物 - **生态地位**： - 顶级捕食者，控制啮齿类动物数量 - 受栖息地丧失威胁，CITES附录Ⅱ保护物种 ### 二、Final MEX（数学/编程概念） **MEX（Minimum Excluded Value）** 指集合中未出现的最小非负整数。**Final MEX** 特指序列操作后的最终MEX值，常见于算法竞赛。 #### 计算示例 给定数组 `[0, 2, 2, 3]`： 1. 存在数字：0, 2, 3 2. 缺失的最小非负整数：1 3. $\text{MEX} = 1$ #### 典型应用场景 - **Nim游戏变体**：Final MEX决定必胜/必败态 - **数组重构问题**：通过操作使数组MEX达到目标值 #### Python实现MEX计算 ```python def compute_mex(arr): n = len(arr) # 标记0到n范围内存在的数字 present = [False] * (n + 1) for num in arr: if 0 <= num <= n: present[num] = True # 返回最小缺失值 for i in range(n + 1): if not present[i]: return i return n + 1 # 示例 arr = [0, 2, 2, 3] print(compute_mex(arr)) # 输出: 1 ``` #### 关键公式 MEX的数学定义： $$\text{MEX}(S) = \min \{ k \in \mathbb{N}_0 \mid k \notin S \}$$ 其中 $S$ 为有限整数集，$\mathbb{N}_0$ 表示非负整数集。