《UNIX环境高级编程》笔记 第十八章-终端IO

这篇博客详细介绍了UNIX环境中终端I/O的工作模式,包括规范和非规范模式,特殊输入字符,以及如何通过termios结构体和相关函数对终端设备进行操作。还讨论了回车符与换行符的区别,终端波特率、行控制函数,以及cbreak和raw模式。此外,还提到了ANSI控制码在终端输出位置和颜色控制中的应用。

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1. 终端I/O概述

1.1 规范和非规范模式

终端I/O有两种不同的工作模式:

  • 规范模式输入处理:对终端输入以行为单位进行处理。对于每个读请求,最多返回一行。
  • 非规范模式输入处理:输入字符不装配成行

若不做特殊处理,则终端I/O默认模式是规范模式。处理整个屏幕的程序(如vi编辑器)使用非规范模式。

1.2 特殊输入字符

POSIX.1定义了11个特殊输入字符,例如文件结束符(Ctrl+D)和挂起字符(Ctrl+Z),其中9个可以更改。

1.3 终端设备的输入输出队列

终端设备由位于内核中的终端驱动程序控制。每个终端设备都有一个输入队列和一个输出队列

在这里插入图片描述

大多数UNIX系统在一个称为终端行规程的模块中进行全部的规范处理。可以认为该模块位于读、写函数和实际设备驱动程序之间

在这里插入图片描述

1.4 termios结构体

所有可以检测到的和可更改的终端设备属性都包含在termios结构体中

typedef unsigned char	cc_t;
typedef unsigned int	speed_t;
typedef unsigned int	tcflag_t;
struct termios
{
   
   
    tcflag_t c_iflag;		/* 输入标志(终端输入方式) */
    tcflag_t c_oflag;		/* 输出标志(终端输出方式) */
    tcflag_t c_cflag;		/* 控制标志(终端硬件控制信息) */
    tcflag_t c_lflag;		/* 本地标志(驱动程序与用户之间的接口) */
    cc_t c_cc[NCCS];		/* 控制字符(特殊字符) */
    speed_t c_ispeed;		/* 输入波特率 */
    speed_t c_ospeed;		/* 输出波特率 */
};

https://blog.csdn.net/wumenglu1018/article/details/53098794/

  • 输入标志:控制终端输入方式

在这里插入图片描述

  • 输出标致:控制终端输出方式

在这里插入图片描述

  • 控制标志:指定终端硬件控制信息

在这里插入图片描述

  • 本地标志:影响驱动程序与用户之间的接口,控制终端编辑功能(如回显打开关闭、可视的擦除字符、允许终端产生信号)

    在这里插入图片描述

  • 控制字符:用于保存终端驱动程序中的特殊字符,如输入结束符等

1.5 对终端设备进行操作的13个函数
函数 说明
tcgetattr 获取终端属性(termios结构)
tcsetattr 设置终端属性(termios结构)
cfgetispeed 获得输入波特率
cfgetospeed 获得输出波特率
cfsetispeed 设置输入波特率
cfsetospeed 设置输出波特率
tcdrain 等待所有输出都被传输
tcflow 挂起传输或接收
tcflush 冲洗未决输入和/或输出
tcsendbreak 发送BREAK字符
tcgetpgrp 获得前台进程组ID
tcsetpgrp 设置前台进程组ID
tcgetsid 获得控制终端的会话首进程的pid

与终端设备有关的各函数之间的关系

在这里插入图片描述

2. 特殊输入字符

POSIX.1定义了11个在终端输入时要特殊处理的字符,即特殊输入字符。当我们在终端输入这些字符会造成特殊处理,如按下Ctrl+C会导致向前台进程组的所有进程发送SIGINT信号

具体见下图

在这里插入图片描述

  • 在POSIX.1支持的11个特殊输入字符中,其中有9个字符的值可以任意更改。不能更改的两个特殊输入字符是换行符(\n)和回车符(\r)

  • 虽然称这些字符为特殊输入字符,但是STOP(Ctrl+S)和START(Ctrl+Q)在输出时也要进行特殊处理

  • 这些字符中的大多数被终端驱动程序处理之后就被丢弃了,并不会被用户进程读取到。用户能读取到的特殊输入字符只有换行符(NL、EOL、EOL2)和回车符(CR)

  • 如果要更改某个特殊输入字符,只需要修改termios结构中c_cc数组的对应项(c_cc每个元素都是unsigned char类型,因此直接赋值为期望的字符即可)。该数组中的元素都用名字作为下标,每个名字都以V开头(见上图中的第三列)。

  • 如果要禁用某个特殊输入字符,只需要修改termios结构中c_cc数组的对应项值为_POSIX_VDISABLE

    #define	_POSIX_VDISABLE	'\0'
    

示例:禁用中断字符,并将文件结束符设置为Ctrl+B

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
   
   
    struct termios term;
    if(isatty(STDIN_FILENO) == 0) exit(0);
    tcgetattr(STDIN_FILENO
Contents Foreword to the Second Edition xix Preface xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxv Preface to the First Edition xxix Chapter 1. UNIX System Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 UNIX Architecture 1 1.3 Logging In 2 1.4 Files and Directories 4 1.5 Input and Output 8 1.6 Programs and Processes 10 1.7 Error Handling 14 1.8 User Identification 16 1.9 Signals 18 1.10 Time Values 20 1.11 System Calls and Librar y Functions 21 1.12 Summary 23 Chapter 2. UNIX Standardization and Implementations 25 2.1 Introduction 25 ix www.it-ebooks.info x Contents 2.2 UNIX Standardization 25 2.2.1 ISO C 25 2.2.2 IEEE POSIX 26 2.2.3 The Single UNIX Specification 30 2.2.4 FIPS 32 2.3 UNIX System Implementations 33 2.3.1 UNIX System V Release 4 33 2.3.2 4.4BSD 34 2.3.3 FreeBSD 34 2.3.4 Linux 35 2.3.5 Mac OS X 35 2.3.6 Solaris 35 2.3.7 Other UNIX Systems 35 2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations 36 2.5 Limits 36 2.5.1 ISO C Limits 37 2.5.2 POSIX Limits 38 2.5.3 XSI Limits 41 2.5.4 sysconf, pathconf, and fpathconf Functions 42 2.5.5 Indeterminate Runtime Limits 49 2.6 Options 53 2.7 Feature Test Macros 57 2.8 Primitive System Data Types 58 2.9 Differences Between Standards 58 2.10 Summary 60 Chapter 3. File I/O 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 File Descr iptors 61 3.3 open and openat Functions 62 3.4 creat Function 66 3.5 close Function 66 3.6 lseek Function 66 3.7 read Function 71 3.8 write Function 72 3.9 I/O Efficiency 72 3.10 File Shar ing 74 3.11 Atomic Operations 77 3.12 dup and dup2 Functions 79 3.13 sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions 81 3.14 fcntl Function 82 www.it-ebooks.info Contents xi 3.15 ioctl Function 87 3.16 /dev/fd 88 3.17 Summary 90 Chapter 4. Files and Directories 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 stat, fstat, fstatat, and lstat Functions 93 4.3 File Types 95 4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID 98 4.5 File Access Per missions 99 4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories 101 4.7 access and faccessat Functions 102 4.8 umask Function 104 4.9 chmod, fchmod, and fchmodat Functions 106 4.10 Sticky Bit 108 4.11 chown, fchown, fchownat, and lchown Functions 109 4.12 File Size 111 4.13 File Tr uncation 112 4.14 File Systems 113 4.15 link, linkat, unlink, unlinkat, and remove Functions 116 4.16 rename and renameat Functions 119 4.17 Symbolic Links 120 4.18 Creating and Reading Symbolic Links 123 4.19 File Times 124 4.20 futimens, utimensat, and utimes Functions 126 4.21 mkdir, mkdirat, and rmdir Functions 129 4.22 Reading Director ies 130 4.23 chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions 135 4.24 Device Special Files 137 4.25 Summary of File Access Per mission Bits 140 4.26 Summary 140 Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library 143 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Streams and FILE Objects 143 5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error 145 5.4 Buffer ing 145 5.5 Opening a Stream 148 www.it-ebooks.info xii Contents 5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream 150 5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O 152 5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency 153 5.9 Binary I/O 156 5.10 Positioning a Stream 157 5.11 For matted I/O 159 5.12 Implementation Details 164 5.13 Temporar y Files 167 5.14 Memory Streams 171 5.15 Alternatives to Standard I/O 174 5.16 Summary 175 Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information 177 6.1 Introduction 177 6.2 Password File 177 6.3 Shadow Passwords 181 6.4 Group File 182 6.5 Supplementary Group IDs 183 6.6 Implementation Differences 184 6.7 Other Data Files 185 6.8 Login Accounting 186 6.9 System Identification 187 6.10 Time and Date Routines 189 6.11 Summary 196 Chapter 7. Process Environment 197 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 main Function 197 7.3 Process Termination 198 7.4 Command-Line Arguments 203 7.5 Environment List 203 7.6 Memory Lay out of a C Program 204 7.7 Shared Librar ies 206 7.8 Memory Allocation 207 7.9 Environment Var iables 210 7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions 213 7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions 220 7.12 Summary 225 Chapter 8. Process Control 227 8.1 Introduction 227 www.it-ebooks.info Contents xiii 8.2 Process Identifiers 227 8.3 fork Function 229 8.4 vfork Function 234 8.5 exit Functions 236 8.6 wait and waitpid Functions 238 8.7 waitid Function 244 8.8 wait3 and wait4 Functions 245 8.9 Race Conditions 245 8.10 exec Functions 249 8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs 255 8.12 Interpreter Files 260 8.13 system Function 264 8.14 Process Accounting 269 8.15 User Identification 275 8.16 Process Scheduling 276 8.17 Process Times 280 8.18 Summary 282 Chapter 9. Process Relationships 285 9.1 Introduction 285 9.2 Ter minal Logins 285 9.3 Networ k Logins 290 9.4 Process Groups 293 9.5 Sessions 295 9.6 Controlling Terminal 296 9.7 tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions 298 9.8 Job Control 299 9.9 Shell Execution of Programs 303 9.10 Orphaned Process Groups 307 9.11 FreeBSD Implementation 310 9.12 Summary 312 Chapter 10. Signals 313 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Signal Concepts 313 10.3 signal Function 323 10.4 Unreliable Signals 326 10.5 Interrupted System Calls 327 10.6 Reentrant Functions 330 10.7 SIGCLD Semantics 332 www.it-ebooks.info xiv Contents 10.8 Reliable-Signal Ter minology and Semantics 335 10.9 kill and raise Functions 336 10.10 alarm and pause Functions 338 10.11 Signal Sets 344 10.12 sigprocmask Function 346 10.13 sigpending Function 347 10.14 sigaction Function 349 10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions 355 10.16 sigsuspend Function 359 10.17 abort Function 365 10.18 system Function 367 10.19 sleep, nanosleep, and clock_nanosleep Functions 373 10.20 sigqueue Function 376 10.21 Job-Control Signals 377 10.22 Signal Names and Numbers 379 10.23 Summary 381 Chapter 11. Threads 383 11.1 Introduction 383 11.2 Thread Concepts 383 11.3 Thread Identification 384 11.4 Thread Creation 385 11.5 Thread Termination 388 11.6 Thread Synchronization 397 11.6.1 Mutexes 399 11.6.2 Deadlock Avoidance 402 11.6.3 pthread_mutex_timedlock Function 407 11.6.4 Reader–Writer Locks 409 11.6.5 Reader–Writer Locking with Timeouts 413 11.6.6 Condition Variables 413 11.6.7 Spin Locks 417 11.6.8 Barriers 418 11.7 Summary 422 Chapter 12. Thread Control 425 12.1 Introduction 425 12.2 Thread Limits 425 12.3 Thread Attr ibutes 426 12.4 Synchronization Attr ibutes 430 12.4.1 Mutex Attr ibutes 430 www.it-ebooks.info Contents xv 12.4.2 Reader–Writer Lock Attr ibutes 439 12.4.3 Condition Variable Attributes 440 12.4.4 Barrier Attributes 441 12.5 Reentrancy 442 12.6 Thread-Specific Data 446 12.7 Cancel Options 451 12.8 Threads and Signals 453 12.9 Threads and fork 457 12.10 Threads and I/O 461 12.11 Summary 462 Chapter 13. Daemon Processes 463 13.1 Introduction 463 13.2 Daemon Character istics 463 13.3 Coding Rules 466 13.4 Error Logging 469 13.5 Single-Instance Daemons 473 13.6 Daemon Conventions 474 13.7 Client–Server Model 479 13.8 Summary 480 Chapter 14. Advanced I/O 481 14.1 Introduction 481 14.2 Nonblocking I/O 481 14.3 Record Locking 485 14.4 I/O Multiplexing 500 14.4.1 select and pselect Functions 502 14.4.2 poll Function 506 14.5 Asynchronous I/O 509 14.5.1 System V Asynchronous I/O 510 14.5.2 BSD Asynchronous I/O 510 14.5.3 POSIX Asynchronous I/O 511 14.6 readv and writev Functions 521 14.7 readn and writen Functions 523 14.8 Memory-Mapped I/O 525 14.9 Summary 531 Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication 533 15.1 Introduction 533 15.2 Pipes 534 15.3 popen and pclose Functions 541 www.it-ebooks.info xvi Contents 15.4 Coprocesses 548 15.5 FIFOs 552 15.6 XSI IPC 556 15.6.1 Identifiers and Keys 556 15.6.2 Per mission Str ucture 558 15.6.3 Configuration Limits 559 15.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 559 15.7 Message Queues 561 15.8 Semaphores 565 15.9 Shared Memor y 571 15.10 POSIX Semaphores 579 15.11 Client–Server Proper ties 585 15.12 Summary 587 Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets 589 16.1 Introduction 589 16.2 Socket Descr iptors 590 16.3 Addressing 593 16.3.1 Byte Order ing 593 16.3.2 Address Formats 595 16.3.3 Address Lookup 597 16.3.4 Associating Addresses with Sockets 604 16.4 Connection Establishment 605 16.5 Data Tr ansfer 610 16.6 Socket Options 623 16.7 Out-of-Band Data 626 16.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O 627 16.9 Summary 628 Chapter 17. Advanced IPC 629 17.1 Introduction 629 17.2 UNIX Domain Sockets 629 17.2.1 Naming UNIX Domain Sockets 634 17.3 Unique Connections 635 17.4 Passing File Descriptors 642 17.5 An Open Server, Version 1 653 17.6 An Open Server, Version 2 659 17.7 Summary 669 Chapter 18. Terminal I/O 671 18.1 Introduction 671 www.it-ebooks.info Contents xvii 18.2 Over view 671 18.3 Special Input Characters 678 18.4 Getting and Setting Ter minal Attr ibutes 683 18.5 Ter minal Option Flags 683 18.6 stty Command 691 18.7 Baud Rate Functions 692 18.8 Line Control Functions 693 18.9 Ter minal Identification 694 18.10 Canonical Mode 700 18.11 Noncanonical Mode 703 18.12 Ter minal Window Size 710 18.13 termcap, terminfo, and curses 712 18.14 Summary 713 Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals 715 19.1 Introduction 715 19.2 Over view 715 19.3 Opening Pseudo-Ter minal Devices 722 19.4 pty_fork Function 726 19.5 pty Program 729 19.6 Using the pty Program 733 19.7 Advanced Features 740 19.8 Summary 741 Chapter 20. A Database Library 743 20.1 Introduction 743 20.2 History 743 20.3 The Librar y 744 20.4 Implementation Over view 746 20.5 Centralized or Decentralized? 750 20.6 Concurrency 752 20.7 Building the Librar y 753 20.8 Source Code 753 20.9 Perfor mance 781 20.10 Summary 786 Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer 789 21.1 Introduction 789 21.2 The Inter net Pr inting Protocol 789 21.3 The Hyper text Transfer Protocol 792 21.4 Printer Spooling 793 www.it-ebooks.info xviii Contents 21.5 Source Code 795 21.6 Summary 843 Appendix A. Function Prototypes 845 Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code 895 B.1 Our Header File 895 B.2 Standard Error Routines 898 Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises 905 Bibliography 947 Index 955
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