除了
1. 表示 “排除在外(不包含)”
单词 / 短语 | 用法特点 | 例句示例 |
---|---|---|
except |
排除同类事物 |
Everyone passed the exam except me. (除了我,所有人都通过了考试。) |
excluding |
The ticket costs $20, excluding service fees. (票价 20 美元,不含服务费。) | |
except for |
排除不同类事物 |
The room is clean except for a few dust. (除了一点灰尘,房间很干净。) |
other than |
常用于否定句 / 疑问句 强调 “除了…… 别无” |
I have no choice other than waiting. (除了等待,我别无选择。) I couldn’t do other than accept his offer. |
but |
接在不定代词 no one/nothing/everyone 等后 |
No one but her knows the truth. (除了她,没人知道真相。) |
2. 表示 “除了…… 还有(包含)”
单词 / 短语 | 用法特点 | 例句示例 |
---|---|---|
besides | 强调附加信息 | Besides English, she learns Japanese.(除了英语,她还学日语。) |
apart from | Apart from John, we all joined the trip.(除了约翰,我们都参加了旅行。) |
因为
1. 连词(后接句子)
单词 / 短语 | 用法特点 | 例句示例 |
---|---|---|
because |
She didn’t come because she was ill. (她因为生病没来。) | |
as |
“由于” 基于已知原因 句首 |
As it was raining, we stayed at home. (因为下雨,我们待在家里。) |
since |
“既然” 基于已知原因 句首 |
Since you’re here, let’s start the meeting. (既然你在,我们开始开会吧。) |
for |
补充说明理由(非直接原因) 需用逗号与主句隔开 |
He must be ill, for he didn’t come. (他一定病了,因为他没来。) |
now that |
“既然” 强调原因是既定事实 | Now that the work is done, we can relax.(既然工作完成了,我们可以放松了。) |
2. 介词(后接名词 / 动名词)
单词 / 短语 | 用法特点 | 例句示例 |
---|---|---|
because of | He failed the exam because of carelessness.(他因粗心考试不及格。) | |
due to |
常接不好的原因 多置于 be 动词或名词后 | The delay was due to heavy traffic.(延误是因为交通拥堵。) |
owing to | 强调 “归因于”。 | Owing to the rain, the match was canceled.(由于下雨,比赛取消了。) |
on account of | The event was canceled on account of bad weather.(活动因恶劣天气取消。) | |
thanks to |
多接积极原因 意为 “多亏了” | Thanks to your help, we finished on time.(多亏你的帮助,我们按时完成了。) |
所以
单词 / 短语 | 用法特点 | 例句示例 |
---|---|---|
so | She was tired, so she went to bed early.(她累了,所以早早睡了。) | |
thus | “因此”“由此” | He didn’t study; thus, he failed the exam.(他没学习,因此考试不及格。) |
therefore |
常用于句首(后接逗号) 或句中(前后用逗号隔开)。 | The weather was bad; therefore, we canceled the trip.(天气不好,因此我们取消了行程。) |
hence | “由此导致” | The project was delayed; hence, we need to adjust the plan.(项目延期了,因此我们需调整计划。) |
consequently | She missed the train; consequently, she arrived late.(她没赶上火车,因此迟到了。) | |
as a result | He worked hard; as a result, he got promoted.(他努力工作,因此升职了。) | |
so that |
引导目的状语从句时表 “为了” 但也可表结果(无情态动词can/could/may/might/should/will/would) |
He saved money so that he could buy a car. (他存钱为了买车。) (他努力工作,所以成功了。) |
for this reason | Many students like him; for this reason, he was elected monitor.(很多学生喜欢他,为此他当选了班长。) | |
accordingly | 强调根据前文情况做出反应。 | The budget was reduced; accordingly, we had to cut costs.(预算削减了,因此我们必须降低成本。) |
转折
1. 连词(后接句子)
单词 / 短语 | 用法特点 | 例句示例 |
---|---|---|
but | 直接连接对立观点 |
She wanted to go, but he preferred to stay. (她想去,但他更想留下。) |
yet | “尽管如此仍……” |
He tried hard, yet he failed again. (他很努力,但还是失败了。) |
while | 引导对比性转折 |
I like coffee, while she prefers tea. (我喜欢咖啡,而她更喜欢茶。) |
whereas | 对比两个事实或情况 |
Some people love cats, whereas others prefer dogs. (有些人爱猫,而另一些人喜欢狗。) |
though/although |
主句前不可用 but 但可加yet/still |
Although it rained, we still went hiking. (虽然下雨了,但我们还是去徒步了。) |
2. 副词 / 短语(可置于句首、句中或句尾)
单词 / 短语 | 用法特点 | 例句示例 |
---|---|---|
however | She was tired. However, she kept working.(她很累,但还是继续工作。) | |
nevertheless |
“尽管如此,仍然……” 强调转折后的情况出乎意料 |
The task was difficult; nevertheless, they completed it on time. (任务很难,但他们还是按时完成了。) |
nonetheless |
“尽管如此,仍然……” 强调转折后的情况出乎意料 |
He was angry; nonetheless, he listened to her explanation. (他很生气,但还是听了她的解释。) |
still | “仍然”“尽管如此” |
The plan has flaws, but still, it’s our best option. (这个计划有缺陷,但仍然是我们最好的选择。) |
instead |
“相反”“取而代之” 强调未做前文动作,转而做另一件事 |
She didn’t call me. Instead, she sent a message. (她没给我打电话,而是发了条信息。) |
on the contrary |
“恰恰相反” 用于反驳前文观点 |
She isn’t tired. On the contrary, she’s full of energy. (她不累,恰恰相反,她精力充沛。) |
in contrast | 强调两者的对比差异 |
In contrast, his sister is quiet and shy. (相比之下,他妹妹安静又害羞。) |