032-Django集成应用

032-Django集成应用

📚 本章概述

Django是Python最流行的Web框架之一，虽然它有自己的ORM和表单系统，但Pydantic可以为Django项目带来更强大的数据验证、序列化和类型安全功能。本章将探讨如何在Django项目中有效集成和使用Pydantic。

🎯 学习目标

• 掌握Django与Pydantic的集成方式
• 学会在Django视图中使用Pydantic模型
• 理解Django ORM与Pydantic的协作
• 掌握API序列化和数据验证
• 学会构建类型安全的Django应用

🚀 Django项目搭建

1.1 项目初始化

# 创建Django项目
django-admin startproject django_pydantic_demo
cd django_pydantic_demo

# 创建应用
python manage.py startapp users
python manage.py startapp products
python manage.py startapp orders

# requirements.txt
Django==4.2.7
pydantic==2.5.0
pydantic-settings==2.1.0
djangorestframework==3.14.0
django-cors-headers==4.3.1
django-extensions==3.2.3
psycopg2-binary==2.9.9
redis==5.0.1
celery==5.3.4
pytest-django==4.7.0
factory-boy==3.3.0

1.2 Django设置配置

# settings/base.py
from pydantic import BaseSettings, Field
from typing import List, Optional
import os
from pathlib import Path

class DjangoSettings(BaseSettings):
    """Django配置类"""
    
    # 基础配置
    SECRET_KEY: str = Field(..., env='SECRET_KEY')
    DEBUG: bool = Field(default=False, env='DEBUG')
    ALLOWED_HOSTS: List[str] = Field(default_factory=list, env='ALLOWED_HOSTS')
    
    # 数据库配置
    DATABASE_URL: str = Field(..., env='DATABASE_URL')
    
    # Redis配置
    REDIS_URL: str = Field(default='redis://localhost:6379/0', env='REDIS_URL')
    
    # 邮件配置
    EMAIL_HOST: str = Field(default='localhost', env='EMAIL_HOST')
    EMAIL_PORT: int = Field(default=587, env='EMAIL_PORT')
    EMAIL_HOST_USER: str = Field(default='', env='EMAIL_HOST_USER')
    EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD: str = Field(default='', env='EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD')
    EMAIL_USE_TLS: bool = Field(default=True, env='EMAIL_USE_TLS')
    
    # JWT配置
    JWT_SECRET_KEY: str = Field(..., env='JWT_SECRET_KEY')
    JWT_ALGORITHM: str = Field(default='HS256', env='JWT_ALGORITHM')
    JWT_EXPIRATION_HOURS: int = Field(default=24, env='JWT_EXPIRATION_HOURS')
    
    # 文件上传配置
    MEDIA_ROOT: str = Field(default='media', env='MEDIA_ROOT')
    MAX_UPLOAD_SIZE: int = Field(default=10*1024*1024, env='MAX_UPLOAD_SIZE')  # 10MB
    
    class Config:
        env_file = '.env'
        case_sensitive = True

# 实例化配置
django_settings = DjangoSettings()

# Django settings.py
BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent

SECRET_KEY = django_settings.SECRET_KEY
DEBUG = django_settings.DEBUG
ALLOWED_HOSTS = django_settings.ALLOWED_HOSTS

# 应用配置
DJANGO_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]

THIRD_PARTY_APPS = [
    'rest_framework',
    'corsheaders',
    'django_extensions',
]

LOCAL_APPS = [
    'users',
    'products',
    'orders',
    'core',
]

INSTALLED_APPS = DJANGO_APPS + THIRD_PARTY_APPS + LOCAL_APPS

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
    'core.middleware.PydanticValidationMiddleware',
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'django_pydantic_demo.urls'

# 数据库配置
import dj_database_url
DATABASES = {
   
   
    'default': dj_database_url.parse(django_settings.DATABASE_URL)
}

# 国际化
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_I18N = True
USE_TZ = True

# 静态文件
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'staticfiles'

MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / django_settings.MEDIA_ROOT

# DRF配置
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
   
   
    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
        'core.authentication.JWTAuthentication',
    ],
    'DEFAULT_PERMISSION_CLASSES': [
        'rest_framework.permissions.IsAuthenticated',
    ],
    'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'core.pagination.CustomPagination',
    'PAGE_SIZE': 20,
    'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
    ],
    'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': 'core.exceptions.custom_exception_handler',
}

# CORS配置
CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS = [
    "http://localhost:3000",
    "http://127.0.0.1:3000",
]

# Celery配置
CELERY_BROKER_URL = django_settings.REDIS_URL
CELERY_RESULT_BACKEND = django_settings.REDIS_URL

# 缓存配置
CACHES = {
   
   
    'default': {
   
   
        'BACKEND': 'django_redis.cache.RedisCache',
        'LOCATION': django_settings.REDIS_URL,
        'OPTIONS': {
   
   
            'CLIENT_CLASS': 'django_redis.client.DefaultClient',
        }
    }
}

# 日志配置
LOGGING = {
   
   
    'version': 1,
    'disable_existing_loggers': False,
    'formatters': {
   
   
        'verbose': {
   
   
            'format': '{levelname} {asctime} {module} {process:d} {thread:d} {message}',
            'style': '{',
        },
    },
    'handlers': {
   
   
        'file': {
   
   
            'level': 'INFO',
            'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
            'filename': 'django.log',
            'formatter': 'verbose',
        },
        'console': {
   
   
            'level': 'INFO',
            'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
            'formatter': 'verbose',
        },
    },
    'root': {
   
   
        'handlers': ['console', 'file'],
        'level': 'INFO',
    },
}

🔧 Pydantic模型集成

2.1 核心数据模型

# core/models.py
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, ConfigDict, validator
from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any, Union
from datetime import datetime, date
from enum import Enum
import uuid

class BaseEntity(BaseModel):
    """基础实体模型"""
    model_config = ConfigDict(
        validate_assignment=True,
        use_enum_values=True,
        extra='forbid',
        json_encoders={
   
   
            datetime: lambda v: v.isoformat(),
            date: lambda v: v.isoformat(),
            uuid.UUID: str
        }
    )
    
    id: Optional[str] = Field(
        default_factory=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4()),
        description="唯一标识符"
    )
    created_at: Optional[datetime] = Field(
        default_factory=datetime.now,
        description="创建时间"
    )
    updated_at: Optional[datetime] = Field(
        default=None,
        description="更新时间"
    )

class PaginationRequest(BaseModel):
    """分页请求模型"""
    model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')
    
    page: int = Field(default=1, ge=1, description="页码")
    page_size: int = Field(default=20, ge=1, le=100, description="每页大小")
    ordering: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, description="排序字段")
    search: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, description="搜索关键词")

class PaginationResponse(BaseModel):
    """分页响应模型"""
    model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')
    
    count: int = Field(..., description="总记录数")
    page: int = Field(..., description="当前页码")
    page_size: int = Field(..., description="每页大小")
    total_pages: int = Field(..., description="总页数")
    has_next: bool = Field(..., description="是否有下一页")
    has_previous: bool = Field(..., description="是否有上一页")
    results: List[Any] = Field(..., description="数据列表")

class APIResponse(BaseModel):
    """统一API响应模型"""
    model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')
    
    success: bool = Field(default=True, description="请求是否成功")
    message: str = Field(default="操作成功", description="响应消息")
    data: Optional[Any] = Field(default=None, description="响应数据")
    errors: Optional[Dict[str, List[str]]] = Field(default=None, description="错误信息")
    timestamp: datetime = Field(
        default_factory=datetime.now,
        description="响应时间戳"
    )

class FilterRequest(BaseModel):
    """通用筛选请求模型"""
    model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')
    
    filters: Dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict, description="筛选条件")
    date_from: Optional[date] = Field(default=None, description="开始日期")
    date_to: Optional[date] = Field(default=None, description="结束日期")
    
    @validator('date_to')
    def validate_date_range(cls, v, values):
        """验证日期范围"""
        if v and 'date_from' in values and values['date_from']:
            if v < values['date_from']:
                raise ValueError('结束日期不能早于开始日期')
        return v

2.2 用户模型

# users/schemas.py
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, EmailStr, validator
from typing import Optional, List
from enum import Enum
from datetime import datetime, date
import re
from core.models import BaseEntity

class Gender(str, Enum):
    """性别枚举"""
    MALE = "male"
    FEMALE = "female"
    OTHER = "other"

class UserRole(str, Enum):
    """用户角色枚举"""
    ADMIN = "admin"
    STAFF = "staff"
    USER = "user"

class UserStatus(