Oracle 安装配置

Before you install the Oracle software, you must complete several tasks as theroot user. To log in as the root user, complete one of the following procedures:

• Following are the steps for installing the software from an X Window System workstation or X terminal:

  1. Start a local terminal session, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

  2. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then enter the following command to enable the remote host to display X applications on the local X server:

     $ xhost fully_qualified_remote_host_name
     

     For example:

     $ xhost somehost.us.example.com
     

  3. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then use the ssh, rlogin, or telnet command to connect to the system where you want to install the software:

     $ telnet fully_qualified_remote_host_name
     

  4. If you are not logged in as the root user, then enter the following command to switch user toroot:

     $ sudo sh
     password:
     #
     

• Following are the steps for installing the software from a PC or other system with X server software:

  Note:

  If necessary, refer to your X server documentation for more information about completing this procedure. Depending on the X server software that you are using, you may need to complete the tasks in a different order.

  1. Start the X server software.

  2. Configure the security settings of the X server software to permit remote hosts to display X applications on the local system.

  3. Connect to the remote system where you want to install the software and start a terminal session on that system, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

  4. If you are not logged in as the root user on the remote system, then enter the following command to switch user toroot:

     $ sudo sh
     password:
     #
     

3 Checking the Hardware Requirements

The system must meet the following minimum hardware requirements:

• Memory Requirements

• System Architecture

• Disk Space Requirements

# grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo

# free

# df -k /dev/shm/

# uname -m

4 Checking the Software Requirements

Depending on the products that you intend to install, verify that the following softwares are installed on the system.

• Operating System Requirements

• Kernel Requirements

• Package Requirements

• Compiler Requirements

• Additional Software Requirements

# uname -r

2.6.18-128.el5PAE

# rpm -q package_name

5 Creating Required Operating System Groups and Users

The following local operating system groups and users are required if you are installing Oracle Database:

• The Oracle Inventory group (typically, oinstall)

• The OSDBA group (typically, dba)

• The Oracle software owner (typically, oracle)

• The OSOPER group (optional. Typically, oper)

To determine whether these groups and users already exist, and if necessary, to create them, follow these steps:

1. To determine whether the oinstall group exists, enter the following command:

   # more /etc/oraInst.loc
   

   If the output of this command shows the oinstall group name, then the group already exists.

   If the oraInst.loc file exists, then the output from this command is similar to the following:

   inventory_loc=/u01/app/oraInventory
   inst_group=oinstall
   

   The inst_group parameter shows the name of the Oracle Inventory group,oinstall.

2. To determine whether the dba group exists, enter the following command:

   # grep dba /etc/group
   

   If the output from this commands shows the dba group name, then the group already exists.

3. If necessary, enter the following commands to create the oinstall anddba groups:

   # /usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall
   # /usr/sbin/groupadd dba
   

4. To determine whether the oracle user exists and belongs to the correct groups, enter the following command:

   # id oracle
   

   If the oracle user exists, then this command displays information about the groups to which the user belongs. The output should be similar to the following, indicating thatoinstall is the primary group and dba is a secondary group:

   uid=440(oracle) gid=200(oinstall) groups=201(dba),202(oper)
   

5. If necessary, complete one of the following actions:

   • If the oracle user exists, but its primary group is not oinstall or it is not a member of thedba group, then enter the following command:

     # /usr/sbin/usermod -g oinstall -G dba oracle
     

   • If the oracle user does not exist, enter the following command to create it:

     # /usr/sbin/useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle
     

     This command creates the oracle user and specifies oinstall as the primary group anddba as the secondary group.

6. Enter the following command to set the password of the oracle user:

   # passwd oracle
   

6 Configuring Kernel Parameters

Verify that the kernel parameters shown in the following table are set to values greater than or equal to the minimum value shown. The procedure following the table describes how to verify and set the values.

To view the current value specified for these kernel parameters, and to change them if necessary:

• Enter commands similar to the following to view the current values of the kernel parameters:

  Note:

  Make a note of the current values and identify any values that you must change.

  Parameter	Command
  semmsl, semmns,semopm, and semmni	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep sem This command displays the value of the semaphore parameters in the order listed.
  shmall, shmmax, andshmmni	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep shm
  file-max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max
  ip_local_port_range	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range
  rmem_default	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default
  rmem_max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max
  wmem_default	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default
  wmem_max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max

  
  

• If the value of any kernel parameter is different from the recommended value, then complete the following steps:

  1. Using any text editor, create or edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file, and add or edit lines similar to the following:

     Note:

     Include lines only for the kernel parameter values that you want to change. For the semaphore parameters ( kernel.sem), you must specify all four values. However, if any of the current values are larger than the minimum value, then specify the larger value.

     fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
     fs.file-max = 6815744
     kernel.shmall = 2097152
     kernel.shmmax = 536870912
     kernel.shmmni = 4096
     kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
     net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
     net.core.rmem_default = 262144
     net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
     net.core.wmem_default = 262144
     net.core.wmem_max = 1048586
     

     Note:

     The minimum value required for shmmax is 0.5 GB. However, Oracle recommends that you set the value of shmmax to 2.0 GB for optimum performance of the system.

     By specifying the values in the /etc/sysctl.conf file, they persist when you restart the system. However, on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems, enter the following command to ensure that the system reads the/etc/sysctl.conf file when it restarts:

     # /sbin/chkconfig boot.sysctl on
     

  2. Enter the following command to change the current values of the kernel parameters:

     # /sbin/sysctl -p
     

     Review the output from this command to verify that the values are correct. If the values are incorrect, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file, then enter this command again.

  3. Enter the command /sbin/sysctl -a to confirm that the values are set correctly.

  4. On SUSE systems only, enter the following command to cause the system to read the/etc/sysctl.conf file when it restarts:

     # /sbin/chkconfig boot.sysctl on
     

  5. On SUSE systems only, you must enter the GID of the oinstall group as the value for the parameter/proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group. Doing this grants members of oinstall a group permission to create shared memory segments.

     For example, where the oinstall group GID is 501:

     # echo 501 > /proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group
     

     After running this command, use vi to add the following text to /etc/sysctl.conf, and enable the boot.sysctl script to run on system restart:

     vm.hugetlb_shm_group=501
     

     Note:

     Only one group can be defined as the vm.hugetlb_shm_group.

  6. After updating the values of kernel parameters in the /etc/sysctl.conf file, either restart the computer, or run the commandsysctl -p to make the changes in the /etc/sysctl.conf file available in the active kernel memory.

Setting Shell Limits for the oracle User

To improve the performance of the software, you must increase the following shell limits for theoracle user:

To increase the shell limits:

1. Add the following lines in the /etc/security/limits.conf file:

   oracle           soft    nproc   2047
   oracle           hard    nproc   16384
   oracle           soft    nofile  1024
   oracle           hard    nofile  65536
   

2. Add the following line to the /etc/pam.d/login file, if it does not already exist:

   session    required     pam_limits.so
   

3. Depending on the oracle user's default shell, make the following changes to the default shell startup file:

   • For the Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell, add the following lines in the /etc/profile file (or the/etc/profile.local file on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems):

     if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
             if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
                   ulimit -p 16384
                   ulimit -n 65536
             else
                   ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
             fi
     fi
     

   • For the C shell, add the following lines in the /etc/csh.login file (or the/etc/csh.login.local file on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems):

     if ( $USER == "oracle" ) then
             limit maxproc 16384
             limit descriptors 65536
     endif
     

7 Creating Required Directories

Create directories with names similar to the following, and specify the correct owner, group, and permissions for them:

• The Oracle base directory

• An optional Oracle data file directory

The Oracle base directory must have 3 GB of free disk space, or 4 GB of free disk space if you choose not to create a separate Oracle data file directory.

To create the Oracle base directory:

1. Enter the following command to display information about all mounted file systems:

   # df -k
   

   This command displays information about all the file systems mounted on the system, including:

   • The physical device name

   • The total amount, used amount, and available amount of disk space

   • The mount point directory for that file system

2. From the display, identify either one or two file systems that meet the disk space requirements mentioned earlier in this section.

3. Note the name of the mount point directory for each file system that you identified.

4. Enter commands similar to the following to create the recommended subdirectories in the mount point directory that you identified and set the appropriate owner, group, and permissions on them:

   # mkdir -p /mount_point/app/
   # chown -R oracle:oinstall /mount_point/app/
   # chmod -R 775 /mount_point/app/
   

   For example:

   # mkdir -p /u01/app/
   # chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/
   # chmod -R 775 /u01/app/
   

8 Configuring the oracle User's Environment

You run Oracle Universal Installer from the oracle account. However, before you start Oracle Universal Installer, you must configure the environment of theoracle user. To configure the environment, you must:

• Set the default file mode creation mask (umask) to 022 in the shell startup file.

• Set the DISPLAY environment variable.

To set the oracle user's environment:

1. Start a new terminal session, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

2. Enter the following command to ensure that X Window applications can display on this system:

   $ xhost fully_qualified_remote_host_name
   

   For example:

   $ xhost somehost.us.example.com
   

3. Complete one of the following steps:

   • If the terminal session is not connected to the system where you want to install the software, then log in to that system as theoracle user.

   • If the terminal session is connected to the system where you want to install the software, then switch user tooracle:

     $ su - oracle
     

4. To determine the default shell for the oracle user, enter the following command:

   $ echo $SHELL
   

5. Open the oracle user's shell startup file in any text editor:

   • Bash shell (bash) on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server:

     $ vi .profile
     

   • Bourne shell (sh), Bash shell on Red Hat (bash), or Korn shell (ksh):

     $ vi .bash_profile
     

   • C shell (csh or tcsh):

     % vi .login
     

6. Enter or edit the following line in the shell startup file, specifying a value of022 for the default file mode creation mask:

   umask 022
   

7. If the ORACLE_SID, ORACLE_HOME, or ORACLE_BASE environment variable is set in the file, then remove the corresponding lines from the file.

8. Save the file and exit from the editor.

9. To run the shell startup script, enter the following command:

   • Bash shell on Red Hat:

     $ . ./.bash_profile
     

   • Bourne shell, Bash shell on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, or Korn shell:

     $ . ./.profile
     

   • C shell:

     % source ./.login
     

10. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then enter a command similar to the following to direct X applications to display on the local system:

    • Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

      $ DISPLAY=local_host:0.0 ; export DISPLAY
      

    • C shell:

      % setenv DISPLAY local_host:0.0
      

    In this example, local_host is the host name or IP address of the system that you want to use to display Oracle Universal Installer (your workstation or PC).

11. If you determined that the /tmp directory had insufficient free disk space when checking the hardware requirements, then identify a file system with the required amount of free space and set theTMP and TMPDIR environment variables as follows:

    1. Use the df -k command to identify a suitable file system with sufficient free space.

    2. If necessary, enter commands similar to the following to create a temporary directory on the file system that you identified, and set the appropriate permissions on the directory:

       # sudo mkdir /mount_point/tmp
       # sudo chmod a+wr /mount_point/tmp
       # exit
       

    3. Enter commands similar to the following to set the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables:

       Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

       $ TMP=/mount_point/tmp
       $ TMPDIR=/mount_point/tmp
       $ export TMP TMPDIR
       

       C shell:

       % setenv TMP /mount_point/tmp
       % setenv TMPDIR /mount_point/tmp
       

12. Enter commands similar to the following to set the ORACLE_BASE and ORACLE_SID environment variables:

    • Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

      $ ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
      $ ORACLE_SID=sales
      $ export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID
      

    • C shell:

      % setenv ORACLE_BASE /u01/app/oracle
      % setenv ORACLE_SID sales
      

    In these examples, /u01/app/oracle is the Oracle base directory that you created or identified earlier andsales is the name that you want to call the database (typically no more than five characters).

13. Enter the following commands to ensure that the ORACLE_HOME and TNS_ADMIN environment variables are not set:

    Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

    $ unset ORACLE_HOME
    $ unset TNS_ADMIN
    

    C shell:

    % unsetenv ORACLE_HOME
    % unsetenv TNS_ADMIN
    

14. To verify that the environment has been set correctly, enter the following commands:

    $ umask
    $ env | more
    

    Verify that the umask command displays a value of 22,022, or 0022 and the environment variables that you set in this section have the correct values.

9 Mounting the Product Disc

On most Linux systems, the disk mounts automatically when you insert it into the installation media. If the disk does not mount automatically, then follow these steps to mount it:

1. Enter a command similar to the following to eject the currently mounted disc, then remove it from the drive:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     $ sudo eject /mnt/dvd
     

   • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server:

     # eject /media/dvd
     

   In these examples, /mnt/dvd and /media/dvd are the mount point directories for the disc drive.

2. Insert the DVD into the disc drive.

3. To verify that the disc mounted automatically, enter a command similar to the following:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     # ls /mnt/dvd
     

   • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server:

     # ls /media/dvd
     

4. If this command fails to display the contents of the disc, then enter a command similar to the following:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     # mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvd /mnt/dvd
     

   • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server:

     # mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvd /media/dvd
     

   In these examples, /mnt/dvd and /media/dvd are the mount point directories for the disc drive.