【图像超分】论文精读：Transformer for Single Image Super-Resolution（ESRT）

### Transformer Model for Single Image Super Resolution In the context of single image super-resolution (SISR), transformer models have emerged as powerful tools due to their ability to capture long-range dependencies and global contexts within images. A key contribution in this area involves a texture transformer that includes four tightly coupled modules specifically designed for SISR tasks[^2]. This architecture leverages multi-head self-attention mechanisms inherent in transformers, which allow each position in an input sequence to attend over all positions in previous layers. The core components of such a model typically include: #### Encoder Structure An encoder generates feature representations based on attention mechanisms, enabling these features to locate specific information from the entire context globally. For instance, given an input low-resolution image \( I_{LR} \): ```python class Encoder(nn.Module): def __init__(self, num_heads=8, d_model=512, dropout_rate=0.1): super(Encoder, self).__init__() self.self_attention = nn.MultiheadAttention(d_model, num_heads) self.feed_forward = FeedForwardNetwork() def forward(self, x): attn_output, _ = self.self_attention(x, x, x) output = self.feed_forward(attn_output) return output ``` This structure facilitates capturing detailed patterns across different regions of the image while maintaining spatial relationships between pixels. #### Decoder Architecture Decoders retrieve useful information from encoded high-level abstractions produced by encoders. In SISR applications, decoders reconstruct higher resolution versions of inputs using learned mappings derived during training phases. A notable aspect is how cross-scale feature integration modules enable stacking multiple instances of texture transformers, thereby enhancing representational power through deeper architectures without sacrificing performance or introducing excessive computational overheads. #### Attention Mechanism Transformers rely heavily on self-attention layers where every element interacts with others at once rather than sequentially like recurrent neural networks do. Such interactions help identify important parts contributing most significantly towards generating sharper details when upscaling lower quality visuals into finer ones. For example, consider applying positional encoding before feeding data points into subsequent processing stages; this step ensures relative distances among elements remain preserved throughout transformations applied inside network pipelines. ```python def get_positional_encoding(max_len, embed_size): pe = torch.zeros(max_len, embed_size) position = torch.arange(0., max_len).unsqueeze(1) div_term = torch.exp(torch.arange(0., embed_size, 2) * -(math.log(10000.) / embed_size)) pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term) pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term) return pe.unsqueeze(0) positional_encodings = get_positional_encoding(image_height*width, embedding_dim) input_tensor += positional_encodings.to(device) ``` By integrating advanced techniques mentioned above along with traditional convolution operations commonly found in CNN-based approaches, modern transformer-driven solutions achieve superior results compared to earlier methods used exclusively for solving problems related to SISR.