mySQL（2）

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最新推荐文章于 2025-07-24 17:33:23 发布 · 349 阅读

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#数据库

本文详细介绍了mySQL的查询操作，包括DQL的基本用法、单表查询、使用函数、GROUP BY与HAVING子句，以及单表查询总结。此外，还深入探讨了多表查询、子查询和事务的概念与应用，强调了事务的ACID特性，并举例说明了事务在转账和数据库并发问题中的重要性。最后，提到了视图和存储过程在数据库管理中的作用和优势。

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1、DQL-查询操作

1）表的准备：

准备四张表：dept(部门表),emp(员工表),salgrade(薪资等级表),bonus(奖金表)

-- 创建部门表
create table DEPT(  
  DEPTNO int(2) not null,  
  DNAME  VARCHAR(14),  
  LOC    VARCHAR(13)  
);  
alter table DEPT add constraint PK_DEPT primary key (DEPTNO); -- 主键约束
-- 创建员工表       
create table EMP  (  
  EMPNO    int(4) primary key,  
  ENAME    VARCHAR(10),  
  JOB      VARCHAR(9),  
  MGR      int(4),  
  HIREDATE DATE,  
  SAL      double(7,2),  
  COMM     double(7,2),  
  DEPTNO   int(2)  
);  
alter table EMP  add constraint FK_DEPTNO foreign key (DEPTNO) references DEPT (DEPTNO); -- 外键约束 
 -- 创建薪资等级表       
create table SALGRADE  (  
  GRADE int primary key,  
  LOSAL double(7,2),  
  HISAL double(7,2)  
);  
-- 创建奖金表
create table BONUS  (  
  ENAME VARCHAR(10),  
  JOB   VARCHAR(9),  
  SAL   double(7,2),  
  COMM  double(7,2)  
);  
-- 添加部门表数据
insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)  
values (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');  
insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)  
values (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');  
insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)  
values (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO');  
insert into DEPT (DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC)  
values (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');  
-- 添加员工表数据
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800, null, 20);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600, 300, 30);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250, 500, 30);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975, null, 20);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-28', 1250, 1400, 30);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850, null, 30);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450, null, 10);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-04-19', 3000, null, 20);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', null, '1981-11-17', 5000, null, 10);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-08', 1500, 0, 30);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-05-23', 1100, null, 20);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03', 950, null, 30);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000, null, 20);  
insert into EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, MGR, HIREDATE, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO)  
values (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300, null, 10);  
-- 添加薪资等级表数据
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)  
values (1, 700, 1200);  
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)  
values (2, 1201, 1400);  
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)  
values (3, 1401, 2000);  
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)  
values (4, 2001, 3000);  
insert into SALGRADE (GRADE, LOSAL, HISAL)  
values (5, 3001, 9999);  
-- 查看表：
select * from dept; 
-- 部门表：dept:department 部分 ，loc - location 位置
select * from emp;
-- 员工表：emp:employee 员工   ,mgr :manager上级领导编号，hiredate 入职日期  firedate 解雇日期 ，common：补助
-- deptno 外键 参考  dept - deptno字段
-- mgr 外键  参考  自身表emp - empno  产生了自关联
select * from salgrade;
-- losal - lowsal