Caused by: org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: An I/O error occurred while sending to the backend.

Caused by: org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: An I/O error occurred while sending to the backend.
        at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.execute(QueryExecutorImpl.java:382)
        at org.postgresql.jdbc.PgStatement.executeInternal(PgStatement.java:490)
        at org.postgresql.jdbc.PgStatement.execute(PgStatement.java:408)
        at org.postgresql.jdbc.PgPreparedStatement.executeWithFlags(PgPreparedStatement.java:166)
        at org.postgresql.jdbc.PgPreparedStatement.execute(PgPreparedStatement.java:155)
        at com.alibaba.druid.filter.FilterChainImpl.preparedStatement_execute(FilterChainImpl.java:3446)
        at com.alibaba.druid.filter.FilterEventAdapter.preparedStatement_execute(FilterEventAdapter.java:434)
        at com.alibaba.druid.filter.FilterChainImpl.preparedStatement_execute(FilterChainImpl.java:3444)
        at com.alibaba.druid.proxy.jdbc.PreparedStatementProxyImpl.execute(PreparedStatementProxyImpl.java:152)
        at com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidPooledPreparedStatement.execute(DruidPooledPreparedStatement.java:483)
        at org.apache.ibatis.executor.statement.PreparedStatementHandler.query(PreparedStatementHandler.java:64)
        at org.apache.ibatis.executor.statement.RoutingStatementHandler.query(RoutingStatementHandler.java:79)
        at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor151.invoke(Unknown Source)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
        at org.apache.ibatis.plugin.Plugin.invoke(Plugin.java:64)
        at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy295.query(Unknown Source)
        at org.apache.ibatis.executor.SimpleExecutor.doQuery(SimpleExecutor.java:63)
        at org.apache.ibatis.executor.BaseExecutor.queryFromDatabase(BaseExecutor.java:325)
        at org.apache.ibatis.executor.BaseExecutor.query(BaseExecutor.java:156)
        at com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.plugins.MybatisPlusInterceptor.intercept(MybatisPlusInterceptor.java:81)
        at org.apache.ibatis.plugin.Plugin.invoke(Plugin.java:62)
        at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy294.query(Unknown Source)
        at org.apache.ibatis.session.defaults.DefaultSqlSession.selectList(DefaultSqlSession.java:151)
        at org.apache.ibatis.session.defaults.DefaultSqlSession.selectList(DefaultSqlSession.java:145)
        at org.apache.ibatis.session.defaults.DefaultSqlSession.selectList(DefaultSqlSession.java:140)
        at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor149.invoke(Unknown Source)
        at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
        at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
        at org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionTemplate$SqlSessionInterceptor.invoke(SqlSessionTemplate.java:427)
        ... 25 common frames omitted
Caused by: java.io.IOException: Tried to send an out-of-range integer as a 2-byte value: 39176
        at org.postgresql.core.PGStream.sendInteger2(PGStream.java:359)
        at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.sendParse(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1604)
        at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.sendOneQuery(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1929)
        at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.sendQuery(QueryExecutorImpl.java:1487)
        at org.postgresql.core.v3.QueryExecutorImpl.execute(QueryExecutorImpl.java:347)
        ... 54 common frames omitted

遇到这种错误该如何解决呢？

分析：此错误的核心原因是 ​PostgreSQL JDBC驱动对协议参数值的限制。具体表现为：

1. ​参数值溢出：错误日志中的 Tried to send an out-of-range integer as a 2-byte value: 39176 表明程序尝试发送的整数值超过了 2 字节（即超过 32767）的表示范围。
2. ​批量操作数据量过大：常见于批量插入或查询时，单次传输的 SQL 参数数量或数据行数超过 PostgreSQL 协议限制。

解决方式：检查代码，看是否有查询之类的语句导致语句量过大，导致资源耗尽。

问题示例：

// 省去service层查询，直接通过wrapper条件进行查询
        LambdaQueryWrapper<SlotEntity> queryWrapper = Wrappers.lambdaQuery();
        mapSlotPairs.forEach(item -> {
            queryWrapper.or(wrapper -> wrapper.eq(SlotEntity::getMapCode, item.get("mapCode")).eq(SlotEntity::getSlotCode, item.get("slotCode")));
        });
        List<SlotEntity> oldSlotEntityList = SLOT_SERVICE.list(queryWrapper);

原因：我表中的数据量有2w条，导致查询语句过长，超过了pgsql默认限制。

解决方式：（批量处理）

// 每批次处理 1000 条
int batchSize = 1000;
List<SlotEntity> oldSlotEntityList = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < mapSlotPairs.size(); i += batchSize) {
    List<Map<String, String>> subList = mapSlotPairs.subList(i, Math.min(i + batchSize, mapSlotPairs.size()));
    LambdaQueryWrapper<SlotEntity> batchWrapper = Wrappers.lambdaQuery();
    subList.forEach(item -> {
        batchWrapper.or(wrapper -> wrapper
                .eq(SlotEntity::getMapCode, item.get("mapCode"))
                .eq(SlotEntity::getSlotCode, item.get("slotCode")));
    });
    oldSlotEntityList.addAll(SLOT_SERVICE.list(batchWrapper));
}