本文详细介绍Scrapy爬虫的自动限速算法、缓存机制、代理使用及HTTPS证书配置，涵盖下载和Spider中间件的自定义实现，帮助提升爬虫效率与稳定性。
scrapy补充
https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6229292.html
自动限速算法
"""
17. 自动限速算法
from scrapy.contrib.throttle import AutoThrottle
自动限速设置
1. 获取最小延迟 DOWNLOAD_DELAY
2. 获取最大延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY
3. 设置初始下载延迟 AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY
4. 当请求下载完成后，获取其"连接"时间 latency，即：请求连接到接受到响应头之间的时间
5. 用于计算的... AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY
target_delay = latency / self.target_concurrency
new_delay = (slot.delay + target_delay) / 2.0 # 表示上一次的延迟时间
new_delay = max(target_delay, new_delay)
new_delay = min(max(self.mindelay, new_delay), self.maxdelay)
slot.delay = new_delay
"""
# 开始自动限速
# AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
# 初始下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
# 最大下载延迟
# AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 10
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to each remote server
# 平均每秒并发数
# AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
# 是否显示
# AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = True
# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
scrapy缓存机制
"""
18. 启用缓存
目的用于将已经发送的请求或相应缓存下来，以便以后使用
from scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.httpcache import HttpCacheMiddleware
from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import DummyPolicy
from scrapy.extensions.httpcache import FilesystemCacheStorage
"""
# 是否启用缓存策略
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
# 缓存策略：所有请求均缓存，下次在请求直接访问原来的缓存即可
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.DummyPolicy"
# 缓存策略：根据Http响应头：Cache-Control、Last-Modified 等进行缓存的策略
# HTTPCACHE_POLICY = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.RFC2616Policy"
# 缓存超时时间
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
# 缓存保存路径
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
# 缓存忽略的Http状态码
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
# 缓存存储的插件
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
使用代理
- 使用默认代理（需要在python环境变量中配置）
from scrapy.contrib.downloadermiddleware.httpproxy import HttpProxyMiddleware
方式一：使用默认
os.environ
{
http_proxy:http://root:woshiniba@192.168.11.11:9999/
https_proxy:http://192.168.11.11:9999/
}
- 使用自定义下载中间件
def to_bytes(text, encoding=None, errors='strict'):
if isinstance(text, bytes):
return text
if not isinstance(text, six.string_types):
raise TypeError('to_bytes must receive a unicode, str or bytes '
'object, got %s' % type(text).__name__)
if encoding is None:
encoding = 'utf-8'
return text.encode(encoding, errors)
class ProxyMiddleware(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
PROXIES = [
{'ip_port': '111.11.228.75:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '120.198.243.22:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '111.8.60.9:8123', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '101.71.27.120:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.96.59.104:80', 'user_pass': ''},
{'ip_port': '122.224.249.122:8088', 'user_pass': ''},
]
proxy = random.choice(PROXIES)
if proxy['user_pass'] is not None:
request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes（"http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']）
encoded_user_pass = base64.encodestring(to_bytes(proxy['user_pass']))
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)
print "**************ProxyMiddleware have pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
else:
print "**************ProxyMiddleware no pass************" + proxy['ip_port']
request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes("http://%s" % proxy['ip_port'])
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'step8_king.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware': 500,
}
如果代理服务器不包含用户名密码，只需要添加
request.meta['proxy'] = to_bytes（"http://%s" % proxy['ip_port']）
如果包含，还需添加
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = to_bytes('Basic ' + encoded_user_pass)
HTTPS证书
- 默认支持HTTPS证书，不需要特别设置
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory"
- 如果碰到需要传入自定义证书的，需要:
1.修改setting中的默认设置
2.创建类继承ScrapyClientContextFactory
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY = "scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory"
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY = "step8_king.https.MySSLFactory"
# https.py
from scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory import ScrapyClientContextFactory
from twisted.internet.ssl import (optionsForClientTLS, CertificateOptions, PrivateCertificate)
class MySSLFactory(ScrapyClientContextFactory):
def getCertificateOptions(self):
from OpenSSL import crypto
v1 = crypto.load_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.key.unsecure', mode='r').read())
v2 = crypto.load_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, open('/Users/wupeiqi/client.pem', mode='r').read())
return CertificateOptions(
privateKey=v1, # pKey对象
certificate=v2, # X509对象
verify=False,
method=getattr(self, 'method', getattr(self, '_ssl_method', None))
)
其他：
相关类
scrapy.core.downloader.handlers.http.HttpDownloadHandler
scrapy.core.downloader.webclient.ScrapyHTTPClientFactory
scrapy.core.downloader.contextfactory.ScrapyClientContextFactory
相关配置
DOWNLOADER_HTTPCLIENTFACTORY
DOWNLOADER_CLIENTCONTEXTFACTORY
3.通过openssl提供的load方法将证书转换为对象传入。
使用scrapy中间件
下载中间件
请求和响应时都会经过中间件
- 在settings中注册中间件
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'day96.middlewares.Day96SpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}
权重小的先执行
- 根据注册的创建中间件
class DownMiddleware1(object):
def process_request(self, request, spider):
'''
请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
:param request:
:param spider:
:return:
None,继续后续中间件去下载；
Response对象，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_response
Request对象，停止中间件的执行，将Request重新调度器
raise IgnoreRequest异常，停止process_request的执行，开始执行process_exception
'''
pass
def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
'''
spider处理完成，返回时调用
:param response:
:param result:
:param spider:
:return:
Response 对象：转交给其他中间件process_response
Request 对象：停止中间件，request会被重新调度下载
raise IgnoreRequest 异常：调用Request.errback
'''
print('response1')
return response
def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
'''
当下载处理器(download handler)或 process_request() (下载中间件)抛出异常
:param response:
:param exception:
:param spider:
:return:
None：继续交给后续中间件处理异常；
Response对象：停止后续process_exception方法
Request对象：停止中间件，request将会被重新调用下载
'''
return None
方法介绍
- process_request
请求需要被下载时，经过所有下载器中间件的process_request调用
注意：
1.当一个process_request已经下载到数据时，一般就不需要让后面的中间件执行下载操作了。这时候需要返回Response对象，会直接进入
process_response方法
–
- process_exception
用于处理process_request中发送异常的情况，如果这个中间件也没法处理异常返回了none，则抛给后面的中间件去处理异常，如果都没法处理就会报错。
–
执行顺序：如果中间件request的执行顺序是12，那么response的执行顺序是21，response执行完毕之后会交给spider去处理
Spider中间件
- 同下载中间件一样，它也需要在settings中进行配置
SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'step8_king.middlewares.SpiderMiddleware': 543,
}
- 创建自定义的爬虫中间件类
class SpiderMiddleware(object):
def process_spider_input(self,response, spider):
'''
下载完成，执行，然后交给parse处理
:param response:
:param spider:
:return:
'''
pass
def process_spider_output(self,response, result, spider):
'''
spider处理完成，返回时调用
:param response:
:param result:
:param spider:
:return: 必须返回包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)
'''
return result
def process_spider_exception(self,response, exception, spider):
'''
异常调用
:param response:
:param exception:
:param spider:
:return: None,继续交给后续中间件处理异常；含 Response 或 Item 的可迭代对象(iterable)，交给调度器或pipeline
'''
return None
def process_start_requests(self,start_requests, spider):
'''
爬虫启动时调用
:param start_requests:
:param spider:
:return: 包含 Request 对象的可迭代对象
'''
return start_requests
内置爬虫中间件：
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.httperror.HttpErrorMiddleware': 50,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.offsite.OffsiteMiddleware': 500,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.referer.RefererMiddleware': 700,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.urllength.UrlLengthMiddleware': 800,
'scrapy.contrib.spidermiddleware.depth.DepthMiddleware': 900,
方法介绍
- process_start_requests
这个方法会在爬虫刚开始启动的时候调用，我们都知道，spider启动的时候会调用，start_requests方法，而这个方法会最先调用，调用结束后将返回值返还给start_requests,所以这个方法的返回值必须是start_requests
- process_spider_input
parse执行前调用
- process_spider_output
parse执行后调用，因为parse的返回值是yield表示它是一个生成器，所以此方法也必须返回一个包含 Request 或 Item 对象的可迭代对象(iterable)，然后将它交给调度器或者pipelines
- process_spider_exception
上述2个方法发生异常时调用，如果无法处理就交给后续的中间件处理异常。
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