基础篇--sql语句2

查询练习

–数据库操作前的准备
– 创建数据库

-- create database python_test_1 charset=utf8;

– 使用数据库

-- use python_test_1;

– students表

-- create table students(
--     id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
--     name varchar(20) default '',
--     age tinyint unsigned default 0,
--     height decimal(5,2),
--     gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
--     cls_id int unsigned default 0,
--     is_delete bit default 0
-- );

– classes表

-- create table classes (
--     id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
--     name varchar(30) not null
-- );

-- 查询指定字段
	-- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
	select name,age from students;


-- 使用 as 给字段起别名
-- select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;
select name as name2 from students;



-- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
select students.name from students;


-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
-- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;

select s.name from students as s;


-- 消除重复行(查性别)

-- distinct 字段 
select distinct gender from students;

条件查询

-- 比较运算符
> >= < <= != = <> 
	-- select .... from 表名 where .....
	-- >
	-- 查询年纪大于18岁的信息

	select * from students where age > 18;
	-- <
	-- 查询年纪小于18岁的信息
	select * from students where age < 18;
	
	

	-- >=
	-- <=
	-- 查询小于或者等于18岁的信息
	select * from students where age <= 18;

	-- =
	-- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
	select * from students where age = 18;



	-- != 或者 <>
	-- 查询年龄不为18岁的所有学生的名字
select * from students where age != 18;

逻辑运算符

	-- and
	-- 18和28之间的所以学生信息

	select * from students where age > 18 and age < 28;


	-- 18岁以上的女性
	select * from students where age > 18 and gender = '女';


	-- or
	-- 18以上或者身高高过180(包含)以上

	select * from students where age > 18 or height >= 180;
	

	-- not
	-- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
	select * from students where not (age > 18 and gender = '女');

	select * from students where not age > 18 and gender = '女';

模糊查询(where name like 要查询的数据)

	-- like 
	-- % 替换任意个
	-- _ 替换1个
	-- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
	select * from students where name like '小%';
	

	-- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字
	select * from students where name like '%小%';
	

	-- 查询有2个字的名字
	select * from students where name like '__';
	


	-- 查询有3个字的名字
	select * from students where name like '___';

	

	-- 查询至少有2个字的名字
	select * from students where name like '__%';

范围查询

	-- in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄为18或34的姓名

	--select * from students where age = 18 or age = 34 or age ... or age ...or age;
	select * from students where age in(1,12,18,34);

	-- not in 不非连续的范围之内
	-- 年龄不是 18或34岁的信息

	select * from students where age not in(18,34);

	
	-- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息
	# 包含两端的数据
	select * from students where age between 18 and 34;

	
	-- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
	-- 查询 年龄不在18到34之间的的信息

	select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;

空判断

	-- 判空is null
	-- 查询身高为空的信息
	select * from students where height is null;


	-- 判非空is not null
	select * from students where height is not null;

排序

-- order by 字段
-- asc
-- asc从小到大排列，即升序
-- desc
-- desc从大到小排序，即降序
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到大到排序

select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = '男' order by age asc;




-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = '女' order by height desc;


-- order by 多个字段
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
-- select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = '女' order by height desc,age asc;

-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序

# 排序有优先级	
select * from students where age between 18 and 34 and gender = '女' order by height desc,age asc,id desc;

聚合函数

-- 总数
-- count
-- 查询男性有多少人

select count(*) from students where gender = '男';

-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年龄
select max(age) from students;

-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(height) from students where gender = '女';


-- 最小值
-- min
select min(age) from students;



-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) from students;


-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年龄
select avg(age) from students;



-- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
select sum(age)/count(*) from students;


-- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
-- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数


select round(avg(age),2) from students;


-- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数

select round(avg(height),2) from students where gender = '男';

select avg(height) from students;
select sum(height)/count(*) from students;
# 聚合函数是不是计算null的值

分组

-- group by
-- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别

分组的公式
select 分组字段 from 表名 group by 分组字段;

select gender from students group by gender;



-- 计算每种性别中的人数
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;



-- group_concat(...)
-- 查询同种性别中的姓名
select gender ,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;




-- 查询每组性别的平均年龄

select gender,avg(age) from students group by gender;



-- having(注意having和group by 连用 having后通常也要跟 聚合函数)
-- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名

select gender,avg(age),group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age) > 30;




-- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
select gender ,count(*) from students group by gender  having count(*) > 2 ;




-- with rollup 汇总的作用(了解)
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender with rollup;

分页

-- limit start, count
-- limit 放在最后面(注意)

# 起始位置
start = (页数-1)*每页的个数

-- 限制查询出来的数据个数
-- 查询前5个数据

select * from students limit 0,5;


-- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
select * from students limit 0,2;

-- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
select * from students limit 2,2;

-- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
select * from students limit 4,2;

-- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
select * from students limit 6,2;


-- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序

# 先排序后分页

select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;

连接查询

-- inner join ... on
-- select ... from 表A inner join 表B;
-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
# 内联,取的两张表的交集

select * from 表1 inner join 表2 on 连接的条件;

select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;


-- 按照要求显示姓名、班级

   select students.name as sname,classes.name as cname from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;
	


-- 给数据表起名字
  select s.name as sname,c.name as cname from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;
	

-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息 students.*，只显示班级名称 classes.name.
  select s.*,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

-- 在以上的查询中，将班级名显示在第1列
  select c.name , s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级名进行排序
select c.name , s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id order by c.name asc;



-- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
	select c.name , s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id order by c.name asc,s.id asc;

-- left join
-- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
# 左联,左边的表不管在右有没有找到都显示

select * from students left join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;



-- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生
select * from students left join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id where classes.id is null;



-- right join   on
-- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

# 右联就是右边的表不管在左边有没有找到都显示

select * from students right join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

子查询

-- 标量子查询: 子查询返回的结果是一个数据(一行一列)
-- 列子查询: 返回的结果是一列(一列多行)
-- 行子查询: 返回的结果是一行(一行多列)

-- 查询出高于平均身高的信息(height)

# 1.查出平均的身高
select avg(height) from students ;
# 2.高于平均身高
select * from students where height > 172.076923;

select * from students where height > (select avg(height) from students);


-- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的 学生名字
# 1.查讯班号
select id from classes;
# 2.学生在班号里的
select * from students where cls_id in(1,2);

select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);

–数据操作前的准备
–创建数据库表
create table areas(
aid int primary key,
atitle varchar(20),
pid int
);
–从sql文件中导入数据
– source 具体地址/areas.sql;
source xxx.sql;

--查询一共有多少个省
select * from areas where pid is null;


--例1：查询省的名称为“山西省”的所有城市

select * from areas where pid = (select aid from areas where atitle = '山西省');

自联

select * from areas as a1 inner join areas as a2 on a1.pid = a2.aid where a2.atitle = "山西省";


--例2：查询市的名称为“广州市”的所有区县
select * from areas where pid = (select aid from areas where atitle = '广州市');

	select * from areas as a1 inner join areas as a2 on a1.pid = a2.aid where a2.atitle = "广州市";