rhi: Introduce multiview starting with OpenGL (ES)

Fixes: QTBUG-114770
Change-Id: Ibb1ced7f19d15a5116c60e95fd3e6b86ace63155
Reviewed-by: Andy Nichols <[email protected]>

25 files changed, 483 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/src/gui/opengl/qopenglextensions_p.h b/src/gui/opengl/qopenglextensions_p.h
index fdb9b51f067..58231545c6b 100644
--- a/src/gui/opengl/qopenglextensions_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/opengl/qopenglextensions_p.h
@@ -59,7 +59,9 @@ public:
         StandardDerivatives     = 0x02000000,
         ASTCTextureCompression  = 0x04000000,
         ETC2TextureCompression  = 0x08000000,
-        HalfFloatVertex         = 0x10000000
+        HalfFloatVertex         = 0x10000000,
+        MultiView               = 0x20000000,
+        MultiViewExtended       = 0x40000000
     };
     Q_DECLARE_FLAGS(OpenGLExtensions, OpenGLExtension)
 
diff --git a/src/gui/opengl/qopenglfunctions.cpp b/src/gui/opengl/qopenglfunctions.cpp
index ee769875667..0b760eb2dd1 100644
--- a/src/gui/opengl/qopenglfunctions.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/opengl/qopenglfunctions.cpp
@@ -348,6 +348,10 @@ static int qt_gl_resolve_extensions()
         extensions |= QOpenGLExtensions::StandardDerivatives;
     if (extensionMatcher.match("GL_ARB_half_float_vertex"))
         extensions |= QOpenGLExtensions::HalfFloatVertex;
+    if (extensionMatcher.match("GL_OVR_multiview"))
+        extensions |= QOpenGLExtensions::MultiView;
+    if (extensionMatcher.match("GL_OVR_multiview2"))
+        extensions |= QOpenGLExtensions::MultiViewExtended;
 
     if (ctx->isOpenGLES()) {
         if (format.majorVersion() >= 2)
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp
index 16c508b36c0..6b3a4bd7c3f 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.cpp
@@ -967,6 +967,22 @@ Q_LOGGING_CATEGORY(QRHI_LOG_INFO, "qt.rhi.general")
     \value ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps Indicates that generating 3D texture
     mipmaps are supported. In practice this feature will be unsupported with
     Direct 3D 12.
+
+    \value MultiView Indicates that multiview, see e.g.
+    \l{https://registry.khronos.org/vulkan/specs/1.3-extensions/man/html/VK_KHR_multiview.html}{VK_KHR_multiview}
+    is supported. With OpenGL ES 2.0, Direct 3D 11, and OpenGL (ES)
+    implementations without \c{GL_OVR_multiview2} this feature will not be
+    supported. With Vulkan 1.1 and newer, and Direct 3D 12 multiview is
+    typically supported. When reported as supported, creating a
+    QRhiTextureRenderTarget with a QRhiColorAttachment that references a texture
+    array and has \l{QRhiColorAttachment::setMultiViewCount()}{multiViewCount}
+    set enables recording a render pass that uses multiview rendering. Note that
+    multiview is only available in combination with 2D texture arrays. It cannot
+    be used to optimize the rendering into individual textures (e.g. two, for
+    the left and right eyes). Rather, the target of a multiview render pass is
+    always a texture array, automatically rendering to the layer (array element)
+    corresponding to each view. Therefore this feature implies \l TextureArrays
+    as well. This enum value has been introduced in Qt 6.7.
  */
 
 /*!
@@ -2297,6 +2313,70 @@ QRhiColorAttachment::QRhiColorAttachment(QRhiRenderBuffer *renderBuffer)
  */
 
 /*!
+    \fn int QRhiColorAttachment::multiViewCount() const
+
+    \return the currently set number of views. Defaults to 0 which indicates
+    the render target with this color attachment is not going to be used with
+    multiview rendering.
+
+    \since 6.7
+ */
+
+/*!
+    \fn void QRhiColorAttachment::setMultiViewCount(int count)
+
+    Sets the view \a count. Setting a value larger than 1 indicates that the
+    render target with this color attachment is going to be used with multiview
+    rendering. The default value is 0. Values smaller than 2 indicate no
+    multiview rendering.
+
+    When \a count is set to \c 2 or greater, the color attachment must be
+    associated with a 2D texture array. layer() and multiViewCount() together
+    define the range of texture array elements that are targeted during
+    multiview rendering.
+
+    For example, if \c layer is \c 0 and \c multiViewCount is \c 2, the texture
+    array must have 2 (or more) elements, and the multiview rendering will
+    target elements 0 and 1. The \c{gl_ViewIndex} variable in the shaders has a
+    value of \c 0 or \c 1 then, where view \c 0 corresponds to the texture array
+    element \c 0, and view \c 1 to the array element \c 1.
+
+    \note Setting a \a count larger than 1, using a texture array as texture(),
+    and calling \l{QRhiCommandBuffer::beginPass()}{beginPass()} on a
+    QRhiTextureRenderTarget with this color attachment implies multiview
+    rendering for the entire render pass. multiViewCount() should not be set
+    unless multiview rendering is wanted. Multiview cannot be used with texture
+    types other than 2D texture arrays. (although 3D textures may work,
+    depending on the graphics API and backend; applications are nonetheless
+    advised not to rely on that and only use 2D texture arrays as the render
+    targets of multiview rendering)
+
+    See
+    \l{https://registry.khronos.org/OpenGL/extensions/OVR/OVR_multiview.txt}{GL_OVR_multiview}
+    for more details regarding multiview rendering. Do note that Qt requires
+    \l{https://registry.khronos.org/OpenGL/extensions/OVR/OVR_multiview2.txt}{GL_OVR_multiview2}
+    as well, when running on OpenGL (ES).
+
+    Multiview rendering is available only when the
+    \l{QRhi::MultiView}{MultiView} feature is reported as supported from
+    \l{QRhi::isFeatureSupported()}{isFeatureSupported()}.
+
+    \note For portability, be aware of limitations that exist for multiview
+    rendering with some of the graphics APIs. For example, OpenGL disallows
+    tessellation or geometry shaders with multiview. With other APIs, e.g.
+    Vulkan, some of these are optional features, the actual support depending
+    on the implementation. It is therefore recommended that multiview render
+    passes do not rely on any of the features that
+    \l{https://registry.khronos.org/OpenGL/extensions/OVR/OVR_multiview.txt}{GL_OVR_multiview}
+    declares as unsupported. The one exception is shader stage outputs other
+    than \c{gl_Position} depending on \c{gl_ViewIndex}: that can be relied on
+    (even with OpenGL) because QRhi never reports multiview as supported without
+    \c{GL_OVR_multiview2} also being present.
+
+    \since 6.7
+ */
+
+/*!
     \class QRhiTextureRenderTargetDescription
     \inmodule QtGui
     \since 6.6
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.h
index eb300f5873b..585bead7b39 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhi.h
@@ -592,6 +592,9 @@ public:
     int resolveLevel() const { return m_resolveLevel; }
     void setResolveLevel(int level) { m_resolveLevel = level; }
 
+    int multiViewCount() const { return m_multiViewCount; }
+    void setMultiViewCount(int count) { m_multiViewCount = count; }
+
 private:
     QRhiTexture *m_texture = nullptr;
     QRhiRenderBuffer *m_renderBuffer = nullptr;
@@ -600,6 +603,7 @@ private:
     QRhiTexture *m_resolveTexture = nullptr;
     int m_resolveLayer = 0;
     int m_resolveLevel = 0;
+    int m_multiViewCount = 0;
 };
 
 Q_DECLARE_TYPEINFO(QRhiColorAttachment, Q_RELOCATABLE_TYPE);
@@ -1822,7 +1826,8 @@ public:
         OneDimensionalTextureMipmaps,
         HalfAttributes,
         RenderToOneDimensionalTexture,
-        ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps
+        ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps,
+        MultiView
     };
 
     enum BeginFrameFlag {
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp
index feda195c516..f8284462eed 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d11.cpp
@@ -588,6 +588,8 @@ bool QRhiD3D11::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const
         return true;
     case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
         return true;
+    case QRhi::MultiView:
+        return false;
     default:
         Q_UNREACHABLE();
         return false;
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d12.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d12.cpp
index 7c55ff9f5ce..55e2d626e02 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d12.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhid3d12.cpp
@@ -638,6 +638,8 @@ bool QRhiD3D12::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const
         return true;
     case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
         return false; // we generate mipmaps ourselves with compute and this is not implemented
+    case QRhi::MultiView:
+        return false;
     }
     return false;
 }
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp
index 0a4bc8d01cd..af5f07d6deb 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2.cpp
@@ -1009,6 +1009,15 @@ bool QRhiGles2::create(QRhi::Flags flags)
 
     caps.halfAttributes = f->hasOpenGLExtension(QOpenGLExtensions::HalfFloatVertex);
 
+    // We always require GL_OVR_multiview2 for symmetry with other backends.
+    caps.multiView = f->hasOpenGLExtension(QOpenGLExtensions::MultiView)
+                     && f->hasOpenGLExtension(QOpenGLExtensions::MultiViewExtended);
+    if (caps.multiView) {
+        glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR =
+            reinterpret_cast<void(QOPENGLF_APIENTRYP)(GLenum, GLenum, GLuint, GLint, GLint, GLsizei)>(
+                ctx->getProcAddress(QByteArrayLiteral("glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR")));
+    }
+
     nativeHandlesStruct.context = ctx;
 
     contextLost = false;
@@ -1371,6 +1380,8 @@ bool QRhiGles2::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const
         return caps.texture1D;
     case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
         return caps.texture3D;
+    case QRhi::MultiView:
+        return caps.multiView && caps.maxTextureArraySize > 0;
     default:
         Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
     }
@@ -5554,8 +5565,13 @@ bool QGles2TextureRenderTarget::create()
             QGles2Texture *texD = QRHI_RES(QGles2Texture, texture);
             Q_ASSERT(texD->texture && texD->specified);
             if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::ThreeDimensional) || texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::TextureArray)) {
-                rhiD->f->glFramebufferTextureLayer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + uint(attIndex), texD->texture,
-                                                   colorAtt.level(), colorAtt.layer());
+                if (it->multiViewCount() < 2) {
+                    rhiD->f->glFramebufferTextureLayer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + uint(attIndex), texD->texture,
+                                                       colorAtt.level(), colorAtt.layer());
+                } else {
+                    rhiD->glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + uint(attIndex), texD->texture,
+                                                           colorAtt.level(), colorAtt.layer(), colorAtt.multiViewCount());
+                }
             } else if (texD->flags().testFlag(QRhiTexture::OneDimensional)) {
                 rhiD->glFramebufferTexture1D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0 + uint(attIndex),
                                              texD->target + uint(colorAtt.layer()), texD->texture,
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p.h b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p.h
index 76779fdca8e..fecb15698f8 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p.h
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhigles2_p.h
@@ -909,6 +909,8 @@ public:
                                                        GLsizei, const GLvoid *) = nullptr;
     void(QOPENGLF_APIENTRYP glFramebufferTexture1D)(GLenum, GLenum, GLenum, GLuint,
                                                     GLint) = nullptr;
+    void(QOPENGLF_APIENTRYP glFramebufferTextureMultiviewOVR)(GLenum, GLenum, GLuint, GLint,
+                                                              GLint, GLsizei) = nullptr;
 
     uint vao = 0;
     struct Caps {
@@ -962,7 +964,8 @@ public:
               geometryShader(false),
               texture1D(false),
               hasDrawBuffersFunc(false),
-              halfAttributes(false)
+              halfAttributes(false),
+              multiView(false)
         { }
         int ctxMajor;
         int ctxMinor;
@@ -1016,6 +1019,7 @@ public:
         uint texture1D : 1;
         uint hasDrawBuffersFunc : 1;
         uint halfAttributes : 1;
+        uint multiView : 1;
     } caps;
     QGles2SwapChain *currentSwapChain = nullptr;
     QSet<GLint> supportedCompressedFormats;
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm b/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm
index 699e7a09bea..e47ee9118a8 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhimetal.mm
@@ -833,6 +833,8 @@ bool QRhiMetal::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const
         return false;
     case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
         return true;
+    case QRhi::MultiView:
+        return false;
     default:
         Q_UNREACHABLE();
         return false;
diff --git a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp
index 4b7af8a89ec..ae0e7051065 100644
--- a/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp
+++ b/src/gui/rhi/qrhivulkan.cpp
@@ -4437,6 +4437,8 @@ bool QRhiVulkan::isFeatureSupported(QRhi::Feature feature) const
         return true;
     case QRhi::ThreeDimensionalTextureMipmaps:
         return true;
+    case QRhi::MultiView:
+        return false;
     default:
         Q_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
     }
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/manual/rhi/CMakeLists.txt
index ab4093e9a6d..9fbb924f77a 100644
--- a/tests/manual/rhi/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ add_subdirectory(stereo)
 add_subdirectory(tex1d)
 add_subdirectory(displacement)
 add_subdirectory(imguirenderer)
+add_subdirectory(multiview)
 if(QT_FEATURE_widgets)
     add_subdirectory(rhiwidget)
 endif()
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1e2efa02cb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Copyright (C) 2023 The Qt Company Ltd.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+qt_internal_add_manual_test(multiview
+    GUI
+    SOURCES
+        multiview.cpp
+    LIBRARIES
+        Qt::Gui
+        Qt::GuiPrivate
+)
+
+qt_internal_add_resource(multiview "multiview"
+    PREFIX
+        "/"
+    FILES
+        "multiview.vert.qsb"
+        "multiview.frag.qsb"
+        "texture.vert.qsb"
+        "texture.frag.qsb"
+)
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/buildshaders.bat b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/buildshaders.bat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..50ef1940585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/buildshaders.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+qsb --view-count 2 --glsl "300 es,330" --hlsl 61 multiview.vert -o multiview.vert.qsb
+qsb --glsl "300 es,330" --hlsl 61 multiview.frag -o multiview.frag.qsb
+qsb --glsl "300 es,330" --hlsl 61 texture.vert -o texture.vert.qsb
+qsb --glsl "300 es,330" --hlsl 61 texture.frag -o texture.frag.qsb
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.cpp b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f4a5db3911e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2023 The Qt Company Ltd.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR BSD-3-Clause
+
+#include "../shared/examplefw.h"
+
+// Multiview rendering. Renders the same geometry (a triangle) with two
+// different transforms into two layers of a texture array object in a *single*
+// draw call. (NB under the hood it is at the hardware/driver's discretion what
+// happens; it may very well map to some simple looping and still drawing
+// twice, whereas with modern hardware it can be expected to be implemented
+// more efficiently, but that's hidden from us)
+
+static float quadVertexData[] =
+{ // Y up, CCW
+  -0.5f,   0.5f,   0.0f, 0.0f,
+  -0.5f,  -0.5f,   0.0f, 1.0f,
+  0.5f,   -0.5f,   1.0f, 1.0f,
+  0.5f,   0.5f,    1.0f, 0.0f
+};
+
+static quint16 quadIndexData[] =
+{
+    0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3
+};
+
+static float triangleData[] =
+{ // Y up, CCW
+     0.0f,   0.5f,   1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
+    -0.5f,  -0.5f,   0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
+     0.5f,  -0.5f,   0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
+};
+
+struct {
+    QList<QRhiResource *> releasePool;
+    QRhiBuffer *vbuf = nullptr;
+    QRhiBuffer *ibuf = nullptr;
+    QRhiBuffer *ubuf = nullptr;
+    QRhiTextureRenderTarget *rt = nullptr;
+    QRhiRenderPassDescriptor *rtRp = nullptr;
+    QRhiSampler *sampler = nullptr;
+    QRhiGraphicsPipeline *ps = nullptr;
+    QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *initialUpdates = nullptr;
+    QMatrix4x4 winProj;
+    QRhiTexture *tex = nullptr;
+    QRhiShaderResourceBindings *srb[2] = {};
+
+    QRhiBuffer *triUbuf = nullptr;
+    QRhiShaderResourceBindings *triSrb = nullptr;
+    QRhiGraphicsPipeline *triPs = nullptr;
+    QMatrix4x4 triBaseMvp;
+} d;
+
+void Window::customInit()
+{
+    if (!m_r->isFeatureSupported(QRhi::MultiView))
+        qFatal("Multiview is not supported");
+
+    // texture array with 2 elements, e.g. 0 is left eye, 1 is right
+    d.tex = m_r->newTextureArray(QRhiTexture::RGBA8, 2, QSize(512, 512), 1, QRhiTexture::RenderTarget);
+    d.releasePool << d.tex;
+    d.tex->create();
+
+    // set up the multiview render target
+    QRhiColorAttachment multiViewAtt(d.tex);
+    // using array elements 0 and 1
+    multiViewAtt.setLayer(0);
+    multiViewAtt.setMultiViewCount(2);
+    QRhiTextureRenderTargetDescription rtDesc(multiViewAtt);
+    d.rt = m_r->newTextureRenderTarget(rtDesc);
+    d.releasePool << d.rt;
+    d.rtRp = d.rt->newCompatibleRenderPassDescriptor();
+    d.releasePool << d.rtRp;
+    d.rt->setRenderPassDescriptor(d.rtRp);
+    d.rt->create();
+
+    // vertex buffer used by both passes
+    d.vbuf = m_r->newBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Immutable, QRhiBuffer::VertexBuffer, sizeof(quadVertexData) + sizeof(triangleData));
+    d.vbuf->create();
+    d.releasePool << d.vbuf;
+
+    // resources for the on-screen visualizer
+    d.ibuf = m_r->newBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Immutable, QRhiBuffer::IndexBuffer, sizeof(quadIndexData));
+    d.ibuf->create();
+    d.releasePool << d.ibuf;
+
+    const int oneRoundedUniformBlockSize = m_r->ubufAligned(72);
+    d.ubuf = m_r->newBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Dynamic, QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer, oneRoundedUniformBlockSize * 2);
+    d.ubuf->create();
+    d.releasePool << d.ubuf;
+
+    d.sampler = m_r->newSampler(QRhiSampler::Linear, QRhiSampler::Linear, QRhiSampler::None,
+                                QRhiSampler::ClampToEdge, QRhiSampler::ClampToEdge);
+    d.releasePool << d.sampler;
+    d.sampler->create();
+
+    // two srbs, just for the quad positioning on-screen
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+        QRhiShaderResourceBindings *srb = m_r->newShaderResourceBindings();
+        d.releasePool << srb;
+        srb->setBindings({
+            QRhiShaderResourceBinding::uniformBuffer(0, QRhiShaderResourceBinding::VertexStage | QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage,
+                             d.ubuf, i * oneRoundedUniformBlockSize, 72),
+            QRhiShaderResourceBinding::sampledTexture(1, QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage, d.tex, d.sampler)
+        });
+        srb->create();
+        d.srb[i] = srb;
+    }
+
+    d.ps = m_r->newGraphicsPipeline();
+    d.releasePool << d.ps;
+    d.ps->setShaderStages({
+        { QRhiShaderStage::Vertex, getShader(QLatin1String(":/texture.vert.qsb")) },
+        { QRhiShaderStage::Fragment, getShader(QLatin1String(":/texture.frag.qsb")) }
+    });
+    QRhiVertexInputLayout inputLayout;
+    inputLayout.setBindings({
+        { 4 * sizeof(float) }
+    });
+    inputLayout.setAttributes({
+        { 0, 0, QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float2, 0 },
+        { 0, 1, QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float2, quint32(2 * sizeof(float)) }
+    });
+    d.ps->setVertexInputLayout(inputLayout);
+    d.ps->setShaderResourceBindings(d.srb[0]); // all of them are layout-compatible
+    d.ps->setRenderPassDescriptor(m_rp);
+    d.ps->create();
+
+    d.initialUpdates = m_r->nextResourceUpdateBatch();
+    d.initialUpdates->uploadStaticBuffer(d.vbuf, 0, sizeof(quadVertexData), quadVertexData);
+    d.initialUpdates->uploadStaticBuffer(d.vbuf, sizeof(quadVertexData), sizeof(triangleData), triangleData);
+    d.initialUpdates->uploadStaticBuffer(d.ibuf, quadIndexData);
+
+    qint32 flip = m_r->isYUpInFramebuffer() ? 1 : 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+        d.initialUpdates->updateDynamicBuffer(d.ubuf, i * oneRoundedUniformBlockSize + 64, 4, &flip);
+        float layer = i;
+        d.initialUpdates->updateDynamicBuffer(d.ubuf, i * oneRoundedUniformBlockSize + 68, 4, &layer);
+    }
+
+    // create resources for the multiview render pass
+    d.triUbuf = m_r->newBuffer(QRhiBuffer::Dynamic, QRhiBuffer::UniformBuffer, 128); // mat4 mvp[2]
+    d.releasePool << d.triUbuf;
+    d.triUbuf->create();
+
+    d.triSrb = m_r->newShaderResourceBindings();
+    d.releasePool << d.triSrb;
+    d.triSrb->setBindings({
+        QRhiShaderResourceBinding::uniformBuffer(0, QRhiShaderResourceBinding::VertexStage | QRhiShaderResourceBinding::FragmentStage, d.triUbuf)
+    });
+    d.triSrb->create();
+
+    d.triPs = m_r->newGraphicsPipeline();
+    d.releasePool << d.triPs;
+    d.triPs->setShaderStages({
+        { QRhiShaderStage::Vertex, getShader(QLatin1String(":/multiview.vert.qsb")) },
+        { QRhiShaderStage::Fragment, getShader(QLatin1String(":/multiview.frag.qsb")) }
+    });
+
+    inputLayout.setBindings({
+        { 5 * sizeof(float) }
+    });
+    inputLayout.setAttributes({
+        { 0, 0, QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float2, 0 },
+        { 0, 1, QRhiVertexInputAttribute::Float3, quint32(2 * sizeof(float)) }
+    });
+    d.triPs->setVertexInputLayout(inputLayout);
+    d.triPs->setShaderResourceBindings(d.triSrb);
+    d.triPs->setRenderPassDescriptor(d.rtRp);
+    d.triPs->create();
+
+    d.triBaseMvp = m_r->clipSpaceCorrMatrix();
+    d.triBaseMvp.perspective(45.0f, d.rt->pixelSize().width() / float(d.rt->pixelSize().height()), 0.01f, 1000.0f);
+    d.triBaseMvp.translate(0, 0, -2);
+}
+
+void Window::customRelease()
+{
+    qDeleteAll(d.releasePool);
+    d.releasePool.clear();
+}
+
+void Window::customRender()
+{
+    QRhiCommandBuffer *cb = m_sc->currentFrameCommandBuffer();
+    QRhiResourceUpdateBatch *u = m_r->nextResourceUpdateBatch();
+    if (d.initialUpdates) {
+        u->merge(d.initialUpdates);
+        d.initialUpdates->release();
+        d.initialUpdates = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    QRhiCommandBuffer::VertexInput vbufBinding(d.vbuf, quint32(sizeof(quadVertexData)));
+
+    QMatrix4x4 triMvp = d.triBaseMvp;
+    // let's say this is the left eye, make the triangle point left for now
+    triMvp.rotate(90, 0, 0, 1);
+    u->updateDynamicBuffer(d.triUbuf, 0, 64, triMvp.constData());
+    triMvp = d.triBaseMvp;
+    // right for the right eye
+    triMvp.rotate(270, 0, 0, 1);
+    u->updateDynamicBuffer(d.triUbuf, 64, 64, triMvp.constData());
+
+    cb->beginPass(d.rt, QColor::fromRgbF(0.5f, 0.2f, 0.0f, 1.0f), { 1.0f, 0 }, u);
+    cb->setGraphicsPipeline(d.triPs);
+    cb->setViewport({ 0, 0, float(d.rt->pixelSize().width()), float(d.rt->pixelSize().height()) });
+    cb->setShaderResources();
+    cb->setVertexInput(0, 1, &vbufBinding);
+    cb->draw(3);
+    cb->endPass();
+
+    cb->resourceUpdate(u);
+
+    // "blit" the two texture layers on-screen just to visualize the contents
+    u = m_r->nextResourceUpdateBatch();
+    if (d.winProj != m_proj) {
+        d.winProj = m_proj;
+        const int oneRoundedUniformBlockSize = m_r->ubufAligned(72);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+            QMatrix4x4 mvp = m_proj;
+            mvp.translate(0, 0, 1);
+            if (i == 0)
+                mvp.translate(-1.0f, 0, 0);
+            else
+                mvp.translate(1.0f, 0, 0);
+            u->updateDynamicBuffer(d.ubuf, i * oneRoundedUniformBlockSize, 64, mvp.constData());
+        }
+    }
+    const QSize outputSizeInPixels = m_sc->currentPixelSize();
+    cb->beginPass(m_sc->currentFrameRenderTarget(), m_clearColor, { 1.0f, 0 }, u);
+    cb->setGraphicsPipeline(d.ps);
+    cb->setViewport({ 0, 0, float(outputSizeInPixels.width()), float(outputSizeInPixels.height()) });
+    vbufBinding.second = 0;
+    cb->setVertexInput(0, 1, &vbufBinding, d.ibuf, 0, QRhiCommandBuffer::IndexUInt16);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+        cb->setShaderResources(d.srb[i]);
+        cb->drawIndexed(6);
+    }
+    cb->endPass();
+}
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.frag b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.frag
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..375587662f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#version 440
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 v_color;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
+
+void main()
+{
+    fragColor = vec4(v_color, 1.0);
+}
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.frag.qsb b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.frag.qsb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a6dd95c720b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.frag.qsb
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.pro b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.pro
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a9606f88989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.pro
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+TEMPLATE = app
+
+QT += gui-private
+
+SOURCES = \
+    multiview.cpp
+
+RESOURCES = multiview.qrc
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.qrc b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.qrc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e931dd8c11a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.qrc
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!DOCTYPE RCC><RCC version="1.0">
+  <qresource>
+    <file>multiview.vert.qsb</file>
+    <file>multiview.frag.qsb</file>
+    <file>texture.vert.qsb</file>
+    <file>texture.frag.qsb</file>
+</qresource>
+</RCC>
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.vert b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.vert
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b9c9e5a704b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#version 440
+#extension GL_EXT_multiview : require
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 pos;
+layout(location = 1) in vec3 color;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec3 v_color;
+
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform buf
+{
+    mat4 mvp[2];
+};
+
+void main()
+{
+    v_color = color;
+    gl_Position = mvp[gl_ViewIndex] * pos;
+}
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.vert.qsb b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.vert.qsb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7eaa5ec4b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/multiview.vert.qsb
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.frag b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.frag
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..148f4113c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#version 440
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 v_texcoord;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
+
+layout(binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray tex;
+
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform buf {
+    mat4 mvp;
+    int flip;
+    float layer;
+};
+
+void main()
+{
+    vec4 c = texture(tex, vec3(v_texcoord, layer));
+    fragColor = vec4(c.rgb * c.a, c.a);
+}
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.frag.qsb b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.frag.qsb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2193dc7306a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.frag.qsb
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.vert b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.vert
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..156dca0db6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#version 440
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec4 position;
+layout(location = 1) in vec2 texcoord;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec2 v_texcoord;
+
+layout(std140, binding = 0) uniform buf {
+    mat4 mvp;
+    int flip;
+    float layer;
+};
+
+void main()
+{
+    v_texcoord = vec2(texcoord.x, texcoord.y);
+    if (flip != 0)
+        v_texcoord.y = 1.0 - v_texcoord.y;
+    gl_Position = mvp * position;
+}
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.vert.qsb b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.vert.qsb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..3af083e6a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/multiview/texture.vert.qsb
diff --git a/tests/manual/rhi/rhi.pro b/tests/manual/rhi/rhi.pro
index 9238de6fc20..c688c6aa176 100644
--- a/tests/manual/rhi/rhi.pro
+++ b/tests/manual/rhi/rhi.pro
@@ -22,7 +22,17 @@ SUBDIRS += \
     computeimage \
     instancing \
     noninstanced \
-    tex3d
+    tex3d \
+    texturearray \
+    polygonmode \
+    tessellation \
+    geometryshader \
+    stenciloutline \
+    stereo \
+    tex1d \
+    displacement \
+    imguirenderer \
+    multiview
 
 qtConfig(widgets) {
     SUBDIRS += \