APUE编程：46---文件目录（目录的打开、读取：opendir、readdir、rewinddir、closedir、telldir、seekdir）

一、目录的打开

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <dirent.h>
DIR *opendir(const char *name);
DIR *fdopendir(int fd);

//返回值：成功返回目录指针;出错返回NULL

• 这两个函数返回指向一个目录的DIR指针，然后供给其他函数使用
• fdopendir：将一个打开的目录的fd转换为DIR指针
• DIR相当于FILE，是一个内部结构，保存当前正在被读的目录的有关信息

二、目录的读取

#include <dirent.h>
struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dirp);

//返回值：成功返回指针;出错或达到目录尾，返回NULL

• struct dirent：目录中保存的每一项文件信息就用此结构体保存 

struct dirent {
    ino_t          d_ino;       /* inode number */
    off_t          d_off;       /* not an offset; see NOTES */
    unsigned short d_reclen;    /* length of this record */
    unsigned char  d_type;      /* type of file; not supported
                                   by all filesystem types */
    char           d_name[256]; /* filename */
};

• readdir返回目录中的第一个目录项
• readdir返回的第一项取决于传给fdopendir函数的文件描述符相关联的文件偏移量
• 注意：目录中各目录项的顺序与实现有关

三、目录的其它操作

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <dirent.h>
void rewinddir(DIR *dirp);
int closedir(DIR *dirp);//成功返回0;出错返回-1

#include <dirent.h>
long telldir(DIR *dirp);//返回与dirp关联的目录的当前位置
void seekdir(DIR *dirp, long loc);

四、演示案例

#include "apue.h"
#include <dirent.h>
#include <limits.h>

/* function type that is called for each filename */
typedef	int	Myfunc(const char *, const struct stat *, int);

static Myfunc	myfunc;
static int		myftw(char *, Myfunc *);
static int		dopath(Myfunc *);

static long	nreg, ndir, nblk, nchr, nfifo, nslink, nsock, ntot;

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int		ret;

	if (argc != 2)
		err_quit("usage:  ftw  <starting-pathname>");

	ret = myftw(argv[1], myfunc);		/* does it all */

	ntot = nreg + ndir + nblk + nchr + nfifo + nslink + nsock;
	if (ntot == 0)
		ntot = 1;		/* avoid divide by 0; print 0 for all counts */
	printf("regular files  = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nreg,
	  nreg*100.0/ntot);
	printf("directories    = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", ndir,
	  ndir*100.0/ntot);
	printf("block special  = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nblk,
	  nblk*100.0/ntot);
	printf("char special   = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nchr,
	  nchr*100.0/ntot);
	printf("FIFOs          = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nfifo,
	  nfifo*100.0/ntot);
	printf("symbolic links = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nslink,
	  nslink*100.0/ntot);
	printf("sockets        = %7ld, %5.2f %%\n", nsock,
	  nsock*100.0/ntot);
	exit(ret);
}

/*
 * Descend through the hierarchy, starting at "pathname".
 * The caller's func() is called for every file.
 */
#define	FTW_F	1		/* file other than directory */
#define	FTW_D	2		/* directory */
#define	FTW_DNR	3		/* directory that can't be read */
#define	FTW_NS	4		/* file that we can't stat */

static char	*fullpath;		/* contains full pathname for every file */
static size_t pathlen;

static int					/* we return whatever func() returns */
myftw(char *pathname, Myfunc *func)
{
	fullpath = path_alloc(&pathlen);	/* malloc PATH_MAX+1 bytes */
										/* ({Prog pathalloc}) */
	if (pathlen <= strlen(pathname)) {
		pathlen = strlen(pathname) * 2;
		if ((fullpath = realloc(fullpath, pathlen)) == NULL)
			err_sys("realloc failed");
	}
	strcpy(fullpath, pathname);
	return(dopath(func));
}

/*
 * Descend through the hierarchy, starting at "fullpath".
 * If "fullpath" is anything other than a directory, we lstat() it,
 * call func(), and return.  For a directory, we call ourself
 * recursively for each name in the directory.
 */
static int					/* we return whatever func() returns */
dopath(Myfunc* func)
{
	struct stat		statbuf;
	struct dirent	*dirp;
	DIR				*dp;
	int				ret, n;

	if (lstat(fullpath, &statbuf) < 0)	/* stat error */
		return(func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_NS));
	if (S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode) == 0)	/* not a directory */
		return(func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_F));

	/*
	 * It's a directory.  First call func() for the directory,
	 * then process each filename in the directory.
	 */
	if ((ret = func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_D)) != 0)
		return(ret);

	n = strlen(fullpath);
	if (n + NAME_MAX + 2 > pathlen) {	/* expand path buffer */
		pathlen *= 2;
		if ((fullpath = realloc(fullpath, pathlen)) == NULL)
			err_sys("realloc failed");
	}
	fullpath[n++] = '/';
	fullpath[n] = 0;

	if ((dp = opendir(fullpath)) == NULL)	/* can't read directory */
		return(func(fullpath, &statbuf, FTW_DNR));

	while ((dirp = readdir(dp)) != NULL) {
		if (strcmp(dirp->d_name, ".") == 0  ||
		    strcmp(dirp->d_name, "..") == 0)
				continue;		/* ignore dot and dot-dot */
		strcpy(&fullpath[n], dirp->d_name);	/* append name after "/" */
		if ((ret = dopath(func)) != 0)		/* recursive */
			break;	/* time to leave */
	}
	fullpath[n-1] = 0;	/* erase everything from slash onward */

	if (closedir(dp) < 0)
		err_ret("can't close directory %s", fullpath);
	return(ret);
}

static int
myfunc(const char *pathname, const struct stat *statptr, int type)
{
	switch (type) {
	case FTW_F:
		switch (statptr->st_mode & S_IFMT) {
		case S_IFREG:	nreg++;		break;
		case S_IFBLK:	nblk++;		break;
		case S_IFCHR:	nchr++;		break;
		case S_IFIFO:	nfifo++;	break;
		case S_IFLNK:	nslink++;	break;
		case S_IFSOCK:	nsock++;	break;
		case S_IFDIR:	/* directories should have type = FTW_D */
			err_dump("for S_IFDIR for %s", pathname);
		}
		break;
	case FTW_D:
		ndir++;
		break;
	case FTW_DNR:
		err_ret("can't read directory %s", pathname);
		break;
	case FTW_NS:
		err_ret("stat error for %s", pathname);
		break;
	default:
		err_dump("unknown type %d for pathname %s", type, pathname);
	}
	return(0);
}