独立主格结构是一种在英语中常见的非谓语形式，它在句子中表现为一个独立的成分，有自己的逻辑主语，但不构成完整的句子。这个结构通常用来表示伴随、原因、条件等关系，使得表达更为生动和精确。以下是针对题目中给出的部分内容进行的详细解释和练习分析：
1. 独立主格结构的基本形式通常为“名词/代词 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/介词短语”，其中名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词或形容词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
2. 例如：
- "In front of the house was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees." 这里"its top"是独立主格结构，表示伴随状态。
- "The mid-term examination was over, the final examination to come in two months." "the final examination to come"表明接下来会发生的事情。
3. 错误改正题中：
- "Being freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes." 正确的形式应为"Freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes." 因为"freezing cold"已经可以表达状态，不需要用"being"。
- "Having finished his homework, we went home." 正确，无误。
- "A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her little son." 应改为"A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed by her little son."
- "His bike wrong, he has to walk to school." 应为"His bike being wrong, he has to walk to school."
- "Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow." 应为"Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covered with snow."
- "They were angry with their money to be stolen." 应为"They were angry because their money had been stolen."
4. 单项选择题：
- "The lecture ___, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker." 此处独立主格结构表示事件的先后，所以用完成式，答案选C. having begun。
- "Such ______ the case, I have no other choices." 此处such引导的独立主格结构，与现在事实相符，用动词的现在分词形式，答案选A. being。
- "Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets." 表示伴随动作，用动词的现在分词，答案选B. setting。
- "With all factors ___ ,we think this program may be better than all the others in achieving the goal." "with + 名词 + 过去分词"表示被动完成，答案选C. considered。
- "A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent." 技术的完善发生在生产增加之前，用完成时态的独立主格，答案选D. having been worked out。
- "On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still" 这句没有独立主格结构，单纯描述一个静态画面。
通过以上分析，我们可以看到独立主格结构在句子中的应用非常广泛，它可以用来增强句子的表现力，使语言更加精炼且富有深度。理解和掌握这一语法点对于提高英语写作和阅读理解能力至关重要。
