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Data Guard Concepts and Administration .pdf
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Oracle 的Data Guard 基本概念与管理手册
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Oracle® Data Guard
Concepts and Administration
11g Release 2 (11.2)
E10700-02
December 2009

Oracle Data Guard Concepts and Administration, 11g Release 2 (11.2)
E10700-02
Copyright © 1999, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Kathy Rich
Contributors: Andy Adams, Beldalker Anand, Rick Anderson, Andrew Babb, Pam Bantis, Tammy Bednar,
Barbara Benton, Chipper Brown, Larry Carpenter, George Claborn, Laurence Clarke, Jay Davison, Jeff
Detjen, Ray Dutcher, B.G. Garin, Mahesh Girkar, Yosuke Goto, Ray Guzman, Susan Hillson, Mark Johnson,
Rajeev Jain, Joydip Kundu, J. William Lee, Steve Lee, Steve Lim, Nitin Karkhanis, Steve McGee, Bob
McGuirk, Joe Meeks, Steve Moriarty, Muthu Olagappan, Deborah Owens, Ashish Ray, Antonio Romero,
Mike Schloss, Vivian Schupmann, Mike Smith, Vinay Srihali, Morris Tao, Lawrence To, Doug Utzig, Ric Van
Dyke, Doug Voss, Ron Weiss, Jingming Zhang
This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on
use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your
license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license,
transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse
engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is
prohibited.
The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If
you find any errors, please report them to us in writing.
If this software or related documentation is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on
behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable:
U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data
delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data"
pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As
such, the use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation shall be subject to the restrictions and
license terms set forth in the applicable Government contract, and, to the extent applicable by the terms of
the Government contract, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software
License (December 2007). Oracle USA, Inc., 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065.
This software is developed for general use in a variety of information management applications. It is not
developed or intended for use in any inherently dangerous applications, including applications which may
create a risk of personal injury. If you use this software in dangerous applications, then you shall be
responsible to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure the safe use
of this software. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates disclaim any liability for any damages caused by use of
this software in dangerous applications.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks
of their respective owners.
This software and documentation may provide access to or information on content, products, and services
from third parties. Oracle Corporation and its affiliates are not responsible for and expressly disclaim all
warranties of any kind with respect to third-party content, products, and services. Oracle Corporation and
its affiliates will not be responsible for any loss, costs, or damages incurred due to your access to or use of
third-party content, products, or services.

iii
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................................................. xvii
Audience.................................................................................................................................................... xvii
Documentation Accessibility.................................................................................................................. xvii
Related Documents ................................................................................................................................. xviii
Conventions ............................................................................................................................................. xviii
What’s New in Oracle Data Guard?.................................................................................................. xix
New Features in Oracle Data Guard 11.2 .............................................................................................. xix
New Features in Oracle Data Guard 11.1 .............................................................................................. xx
Part I Concepts and Administration
1 Introduction to Oracle Data Guard
1.1 Data Guard Configurations....................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1.1 Primary Database................................................................................................................. 1-2
1.1.2 Standby Databases............................................................................................................... 1-2
1.1.3 Configuration Example....................................................................................................... 1-3
1.2 Data Guard Services ................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.2.1 Redo Transport Services..................................................................................................... 1-3
1.2.2 Apply Services...................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.2.3 Role Transitions ................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.3 Data Guard Broker...................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.3.1 Using Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control............................................................. 1-6
1.3.2 Using the Data Guard Command-Line Interface............................................................ 1-6
1.4 Data Guard Protection Modes .................................................................................................. 1-6
1.5 Client Failover ............................................................................................................................. 1-7
1.6 Data Guard and Complementary Technologies..................................................................... 1-7
1.7 Summary of Data Guard Benefits............................................................................................. 1-9
2 Getting Started with Data Guard
2.1 Standby Database Types............................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Physical Standby Databases............................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 Logical Standby Databases................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.3 Snapshot Standby Databases ............................................................................................. 2-3

iv
2.2 User Interfaces for Administering Data Guard Configurations .......................................... 2-4
2.3 Data Guard Operational Prerequisites .................................................................................... 2-4
2.3.1 Hardware and Operating System Requirements............................................................ 2-4
2.3.2 Oracle Software Requirements .......................................................................................... 2-5
2.4 Standby Database Directory Structure Considerations......................................................... 2-6
3 Creating a Physical Standby Database
3.1 Preparing the Primary Database for Standby Database Creation ....................................... 3-1
3.1.1 Enable Forced Logging ....................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.2 Configure Redo Transport Authentication...................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3 Configure the Primary Database to Receive Redo Data ................................................ 3-2
3.1.4 Set Primary Database Initialization Parameters.............................................................. 3-3
3.1.5 Enable Archiving ................................................................................................................. 3-5
3.2 Step-by-Step Instructions for Creating a Physical Standby Database................................. 3-5
3.2.1 Create a Backup Copy of the Primary Database Datafiles ............................................ 3-6
3.2.2 Create a Control File for the Standby Database .............................................................. 3-6
3.2.3 Create a Parameter File for the Standby Database.......................................................... 3-6
3.2.4 Copy Files from the Primary System to the Standby System........................................ 3-8
3.2.5 Set Up the Environment to Support the Standby Database .......................................... 3-9
3.2.6 Start the Physical Standby Database.............................................................................. 3-10
3.2.7 Verify the Physical Standby Database Is Performing Properly ................................. 3-11
3.3 Post-Creation Steps.................................................................................................................. 3-12
4 Creating a Logical Standby Database
4.1 Prerequisite Conditions for Creating a Logical Standby Database ..................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Determine Support for Data Types and Storage Attributes for Tables ....................... 4-1
4.1.2 Ensure Table Rows in the Primary Database Can Be Uniquely Identified................. 4-2
4.2 Step-by-Step Instructions for Creating a Logical Standby Database................................... 4-3
4.2.1 Create a Physical Standby Database................................................................................. 4-3
4.2.2 Stop Redo Apply on the Physical Standby Database ..................................................... 4-3
4.2.3 Prepare the Primary Database to Support a Logical Standby Database...................... 4-4
4.2.3.1 Prepare the Primary Database for Role Transitions................................................ 4-4
4.2.3.2 Build a Dictionary in the Redo Data.......................................................................... 4-5
4.2.4 Transition to a Logical Standby Database........................................................................ 4-5
4.2.4.1 Convert to a Logical Standby Database .................................................................... 4-5
4.2.4.2 Adjust Initialization Parameters for the Logical Standby Database ..................... 4-6
4.2.5 Open the Logical Standby Database ................................................................................. 4-8
4.2.6 Verify the Logical Standby Database Is Performing Properly ...................................... 4-9
4.3 Post-Creation Steps..................................................................................................................... 4-9
5 Data Guard Protection Modes
5.1 Data Guard Protection Modes .................................................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Setting the Data Protection Mode of a Primary Database .................................................... 5-2
6 Redo Transport Services
6.1 Introduction to Redo Transport Services ................................................................................ 6-1

v
6.2 Configuring Redo Transport Services...................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.1 Redo Transport Security..................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.1.1 Redo Transport Authentication Using SSL............................................................... 6-2
6.2.1.2 Redo Transport Authentication Using a Password File ......................................... 6-3
6.2.2 Configuring an Oracle Database to Send Redo Data ..................................................... 6-3
6.2.2.1 Viewing Attributes With V$ARCHIVE_DEST......................................................... 6-5
6.2.3 Configuring an Oracle Database to Receive Redo Data................................................. 6-5
6.2.3.1 Creating and Managing a Standby Redo Log .......................................................... 6-5
6.2.3.2 Configuring Standby Redo Log Archival ................................................................. 6-7
6.2.3.3 Cases Where Redo Is Written Directly To an Archived Redo Log File................ 6-8
6.3 Monitoring Redo Transport Services....................................................................................... 6-8
6.3.1 Monitoring Redo Transport Status ................................................................................... 6-8
6.3.2 Monitoring Synchronous Redo Transport Response Time ........................................... 6-9
6.3.3 Redo Gap Detection and Resolution.............................................................................. 6-10
6.3.3.1 Manual Gap Resolution............................................................................................ 6-10
6.3.4 Redo Transport Services Wait Events............................................................................ 6-12
6.4 Tuning Redo Transport........................................................................................................... 6-12
7 Apply Services
7.1 Introduction to Apply Services................................................................................................. 7-1
7.2 Apply Services Configuration Options ................................................................................... 7-1
7.2.1 Using Real-Time Apply to Apply Redo Data Immediately .......................................... 7-2
7.2.2 Specifying a Time Delay for the Application of Archived Redo Log Files ................. 7-3
7.2.2.1 Using Flashback Database as an Alternative to Setting a Time Delay ................. 7-4
7.3 Applying Redo Data to Physical Standby Databases............................................................ 7-4
7.3.1 Starting Redo Apply ........................................................................................................... 7-4
7.3.2 Stopping Redo Apply.......................................................................................................... 7-5
7.3.3 Monitoring Redo Apply on Physical Standby Databases.............................................. 7-5
7.4 Applying Redo Data to Logical Standby Databases.............................................................. 7-5
7.4.1 Starting SQL Apply ............................................................................................................. 7-5
7.4.2 Stopping SQL Apply on a Logical Standby Database.................................................... 7-5
7.4.3 Monitoring SQL Apply on Logical Standby Databases................................................. 7-6
8 Role Transitions
8.1 Introduction to Role Transitions............................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.1 Preparing for a Role Transition ......................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.2 Choosing a Target Standby Database for a Role Transition.......................................... 8-3
8.1.3 Switchovers........................................................................................................................... 8-4
8.1.4 Failovers................................................................................................................................ 8-6
8.1.5 Role Transition Triggers ..................................................................................................... 8-7
8.2 Role Transitions Involving Physical Standby Databases...................................................... 8-7
8.2.1 Performing a Switchover to a Physical Standby Database............................................ 8-7
8.2.2 Performing a Failover to a Physical Standby Database ................................................. 8-9
8.3 Role Transitions Involving Logical Standby Databases..................................................... 8-12
8.3.1 Performing a Switchover to a Logical Standby Database........................................... 8-12
8.3.2 Performing a Failover to a Logical Standby Database ................................................ 8-15
8.4 Using Flashback Database After a Role Transition............................................................. 8-16
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