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sed, a stream editor

Next: Introduction, Up: (dir)

sed, a stream editor

This file documents version 4.2.1 of GNU sed, a stream editor.

This document is released under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 1.1, or (at your

option) any later version.

You should have received a copy of the GNU Free Documentation License along with

GNU sed; see the file COPYING.DOC. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.

There are no Cover Texts and no Invariant Sections; this text, along with its

equivalent in the printed manual, constitutes the Title Page.

l Introduction: Introduction

l Invoking sed: Invocation

l sed Programs: sed programs

l Examples: Some sample scripts

l Limitations: Limitations and (non-)limitations of GNU sed

l Other Resources: Other resources for learning about sed

l Reporting Bugs: Reporting bugs

l Extended regexps: egrep-style regular expressions

l Concept Index: A menu with all the topics in this manual.

l Command and Option Index: A menu with all sed commands and command-line

options.

--- The detailed node listing ---

sed Programs:

l Execution Cycle: How sed works

l Addresses: Selecting lines with sed

l Regular Expressions: Overview of regular expression syntax

l Common Commands: Often used commands

l The "s" Command: sed's Swiss Army Knife

l Other Commands: Less frequently used commands

l Programming Commands: Commands for sed gurus

l Extended Commands: Commands specific of GNU sed

l Escapes: Specifying special characters

Examples:

l Centering lines

exit.

--help

Print a usage message briefly summarizing these command-

line options and the

bug-reporting address, then exit.

-n

--quiet

--silent

By default, sed prints out the pattern space at the end of each cycle

through the script (see How sed works

). These options disable this automatic

printing, and sed only produces output when explicitly told to via the p

command.

-e

script

--expression=

script

Add the commands in

script

to the set of commands to be run while processing

the input.

-f

script-file

--file=

script-file

Add the commands contained in the file

script-file

to the set of commands to

be run while processing the input.

-i[

SUFFIX

]

--in-place[=

SUFFIX

]

This option specifies that files are to be edited in-place. GNU sed does

this by creating a temporary file and sending output to this file rather

than to the standard output.

This option implies -s.

When the end of the file is reached, the temporary file is renamed to the

output file's original name. The extension, if supplied, is used to modify

the name of the old file before renaming the temporary file, thereby making

a backup copy

This rule is followed: if the extension doesn't contain a *, then it is

appended to the end of the current filename as a suffix; if the extension

does contain one or more * characters, then

each

asterisk is replaced with

the current filename. This allows you to add a prefix to the backup file,

instead of (or in addition to) a suffix, or even to place backup copies of

the original files into another directory (provided the directory already

exists).

If no extension is supplied, the original file is overwritten without making

a backup.

-l

--line-length=

Specify the default line-wrap length for the l

command. A length of 0 (zero)

means to never wrap long lines. If not specified, it is taken to be 70.

--posix

GNU sed includes several extensions to POSIX sed. In order to simplify

writing portable scripts, this option disables all the extensions that this

manual documents, including additional commands. Most of the extensions

accept sed programs that are outside the syntax mandated by POSIX, but some

of them (such as the behavior of the N command described in see Reporting

Bugs) actually violate the standard. If you want to disable only the latter

kind of extension, you can set the POSIXLY_CORRECT variable to a non-empty

value.

-b

--binary

This option is available on every platform, but is only effective where the

operating system makes a distinction between text files and binary files.

When such a distinction is made—as is the case for MS-DOS, Windows,

Cygwin—text files are composed of lines separated by a carriage return

and

a line feed character, and sed does not see the ending CR. When this option

is specified, sed will open input files in binary mode, thus not requesting

this special processing and considering lines to end at a line feed.

--follow-symlinks

This option is available only on platforms that support symbolic links and

has an effect only if option -i

is specified. In this case, if the file that

is specified on the command line is a symbolic link, sed will follow the

link and edit the ultimate destination of the link. The default behavior is

to break the symbolic link, so that the link destination will not be

modified.

-r

--regexp-extended

Use extended regular expressions rather than basic regular expressions.

Extended regexps are those that egrep accepts; they can be clearer because

they usually have less backslashes, but are a GNU extension and hence

scripts that use them are not portable. See Extended regular expressions.

-s

--separate

By default, sed will consider the files specified on the command line as a

single continuous long stream. This GNU sed extension allows the user to

consider them as separate files: range addresses (such as ‘/abc/,/def/’)

are not allowed to span several files, line numbers are relative to the

start of each file, $ refers to the last line of each file, and files

invoked from the R commands are rewound at the start of each file.

-u

--unbuffered

Buffer both input and output as minimally as practical. (This is

particularly useful if the input is coming from the likes of ‘tail -f’,

and

you wish to see the transformed output as soon as possible.)

If no -e, -f, --expression, or --file options are given on the command-line, then

the first non-option argument on the command line is taken to be the

script

to be

executed.

If any command-line parameters remain after processing the above, these

parameters are interpreted as the names of input files to be processed. A file

name of ‘-’ refers to the standard input stream. The standard input will be

processed if no file names are specified.

Next: Examples, Previous: Invoking sed, Up: Top

3 sed Programs

A sed program consists of one or more sed commands, passed in by one or more of

the -e, -f, --expression, and --file options, or the first non-option argument if

zero of these options are used. This document will refer to “the” sed script;

this is understood to mean the in-order catenation of all of the

script

s and

script-file

s passed in.

Commands within a

script

script-file

can be separated by semicolons (;) or

newlines (ASCII 10). Some commands, due to their syntax, cannot be followed by

semicolons working as command separators and thus should be terminated with

newlines or be placed at the end of a

script

script-file

. Commands can also be

preceded with optional non-significant whitespace characters.

Each sed command consists of an optional address or address range, followed by a

one-character command name and any additional command-specific code.

l Execution Cycle: How sed works

l Addresses: Selecting lines with sed

l Regular Expressions: Overview of regular expression syntax

l Common Commands: Often used commands

l The "s" Command: sed's Swiss Army Knife

l Other Commands: Less frequently used commands

l Programming Commands: Commands for sed gurus

l Extended Commands: Commands specific of GNU sed

l Escapes: Specifying special characters

Next: Addresses, Up: sed Programs

3.1 How sed Works

sed maintains two data buffers: the active

pattern

space, and the auxiliary

hold

space. Both are initially empty.

sed operates by performing the following cycle on each line of input: first, sed

reads one line from the input stream, removes any trailing newline, and places it

in the pattern space. Then commands are executed; each command can have an

address associated to it: addresses are a kind of condition code, and a command

is only executed if the condition is verified before the command is to be

executed.

When the end of the script is reached, unless the -n option is in use, the

contents of pattern space are printed out to the output stream, adding back the

trailing newline if it was removed.

Then the next cycle starts for the next

input line.

Unless special commands (like ‘D’) are used, the pattern space is deleted

between two cycles. The hold space, on the other hand, keeps its data between

cycles (see commands ‘h’, ‘H’, ‘x’, ‘g’, ‘G’ to move data between both

buffers).

Next: Regular Expressions, Previous: Execution Cycle, Up: sed Programs

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