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### Spring Web MVC 外文翻译知识点解析 #### 一、Spring Web MVC介绍 Spring Web MVC 是基于 Servlet API 构建的原始 Web 框架，它从 Spring 框架诞生之初就被包含其中。正式名称“Spring Web MVC”来源于其源模块 `spring-webmvc`，但在实际使用中更常见地被称为“Spring MVC”。与 Spring Web MVC 并行地，Spring Framework 5.0 引入了响应式栈——一个名为 Spring WebFlux 的 Web 框架，该框架的命名也是基于其源模块 `spring-webflux`。本节将重点讨论 Spring Web MVC。 #### 二、DispatcherServlet ##### 2.1 DispatcherServlet 概述 Spring MVC 和许多其他 Web 框架一样，围绕前端控制器模式设计，其中中央 Servlet（即 DispatcherServlet）提供了一个共享算法用于处理请求，而实际的工作则由可配置的委托组件来完成。这种模式非常灵活，支持多样化的业务流程。 ##### 2.2 DispatcherServlet 配置 - **声明与映射**：作为任何 Servlet，DispatcherServlet 需要根据 Servlet 规范进行声明和映射，这可以通过 Java 配置或在 `web.xml` 文件中完成。 - **使用 Spring 配置**：DispatcherServlet 使用 Spring 配置来发现处理请求映射、视图解析、异常处理等所需的委托组件。 ##### 2.3 上下文层次结构 - **WebApplicationContext**：DispatcherServlet 需要一个 `WebApplicationContext`，这是 `ApplicationContext` 的扩展，用于其自身的配置。`WebApplicationContext` 与 `ServletContext` 和 Servlet 相关联，并且与 `ServletContext` 绑定，这样应用程序就可以通过静态方法 `RequestContextUtils` 来查找 `WebApplicationContext`，如果它们需要访问它的话。 - **上下文层次结构**：对于许多应用来说，拥有一个单一的 `WebApplicationContext` 即简单又足够。也可以构建上下文层次结构，其中有一个根 `WebApplicationContext` 被多个 DispatcherServlet 或其他 Servlet 实例共享，每个实例都有自己的子 `WebApplicationContext` 配置。更多关于上下文层次结构的功能，请参阅《ApplicationContext 的附加功能》章节。 ##### 2.4 特殊 Bean 类型 - **请求处理与响应渲染**：DispatcherServlet 委托给特殊 Bean 来处理请求并呈现适当的响应。这里所谓的“特殊 Bean”是指由 Spring 管理的对象实例，这些对象实现了 Web MVC 框架合同。这些 Bean 通常具有内置合同，但你可以自定义它们的属性、扩展或替换它们。 #### 三、总结 Spring Web MVC 是一个高度可配置的 Web 开发框架，它通过 DispatcherServlet 提供了一个中心化的方法来处理 HTTP 请求。这种设计使得开发人员能够轻松地定制和扩展框架的功能，以适应各种复杂的业务需求。通过使用 Spring 的 IoC 容器，Spring Web MVC 可以高效地管理 Web 应用程序中的依赖关系，使得整个开发过程更加简洁和高效。了解 Spring Web MVC 的核心概念和架构设计，对于理解和开发基于 Spring 的 Web 应用程序至关重要。特别是 DispatcherServlet 的配置及其与 WebApplicationContext 的交互方式，是深入掌握 Spring Web MVC 不可缺少的一部分。

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Spring Web MVC

1.1. Introduction

Spring Web MVC is the original web framework built on the Servlet API and

included in the Spring Framework from the very beginning. The formal name "Spring

Web MVC" comes from the name of its source module spring-webmvc but it is more

commonly known as "Spring MVC".

Parallel to Spring Web MVC, Spring Framework 5.0 introduced a reactive stack,

web framework whose name Spring WebFlux is also based on its source module

spring-webflux. This section covers Spring Web MVC.

1.2. DispatcherServlet

Spring MVC, like many other web frameworks, is designed around the front

controller pattern where a central Servlet, the DispatcherServlet, provides a shared

algorithm for request processing while actual work is performed by configurable,

delegate components. This model is flexible and supports diverse workflows.

The DispatcherServlet, as any Servlet, needs to be declared and mapped

according to the Servlet specification using Java configuration or in web.xml. In turn

the DispatcherServlet uses Spring configuration to discover the delegate components

it needs for request mapping, view resolution, exception handling, and more.

1.2.1. Context Hierarchy

DispatcherServlet expects a WebApplicationContext, an extension of a plain

ApplicationContext, for its own configuration. WebApplicationContext has a link to

the ServletContext and Servlet it is associated with. It is also bound to the

ServletContext such that applications can use static methods on RequestContextUtils

to look up the WebApplicationContext if they need access to it.

For many applications having a single WebApplicationContext is simple and

sufficient. It is also possible to have a context hierarchy where one root

WebApplicationContext is shared across multiple DispatcherServlet (or other Servlet)

instances, each with its own child WebApplicationContext configuration. See

Additional Capabilities of the ApplicationContext for more on the context hierarchy

feature.

1.2.2. Special Bean Types

The DispatcherServlet delegates to special beans to process requests and render

the appropriate responses. By "special beans" we mean Spring-managed, Object

instances that implement WebFlux framework contracts. Those usually come with

built-in contracts but you can customize their properties, extend or replace them.

1.2.3. Web MVC Config

Applications can declare the infrastructure beans listed in Special Bean Types

that are required to process requests. The DispatcherServlet checks the

WebApplicationContext for each special bean. If there are no matching bean types, it

falls back on the default types listed in DispatcherServlet.properties.

In most cases the MVC Config is the best starting point. It declares the required

beans in either Java or XML, and provides a higher level configuration callback API

to customize it.

1.2.4. Servlet Config

WebApplicationInitializer is an interface provided by Spring MVC that ensures

your implementation is detected and automatically used to initialize any Servlet 3

container. An abstract base class implementation of WebApplicationInitializer named

AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer makes it even easier to register the

DispatcherServlet by simply overriding methods to specify the servlet mapping and

the location of the DispatcherServlet configuration.

Each filter is added with a default name based on its concrete type and

automatically mapped to the DispatcherServlet.

The isAsyncSupported protected method of AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer

provides a single place to enable async support on the DispatcherServlet and all filters

mapped to it. By default this flag is set to true.

Finally, if you need to further customize the DispatcherServlet itself, you can

override the createDispatcherServlet method.

1.2.5. Processing

Same in Spring WebFlux

The DispatcherServlet processes requests as follows:

The WebApplicationContext is searched for and bound in the request as an

attribute that the controller and other elements in the process can use. It is bound by

default under the key.

The locale resolver is bound to the request to enable elements in the process to

resolve the locale to use when processing the request (rendering the view, preparing

data, and so on). If you do not need locale resolving, you do not need it.

The theme resolver is bound to the request to let elements such as views

determine which theme to use. If you do not use themes, you can ignore it.

If you specify a multipart file resolver, the request is inspected for multiparts; if

multiparts are found, the request is wrapped in a MultipartHttpServletRequest for

further processing by other elements in the process. See Multipart resolver for further

information about multipart handling.

An appropriate handler is searched for. If a handler is found, the execution chain

associated with the handler (preprocessors, postprocessors, and controllers) is

executed in order to prepare a model or rendering. Or alternatively for annotated

controllers, the response may be rendered (within the HandlerAdapter) instead of

returning a view.

If a model is returned, the view is rendered. If no model is returned, (may be due

to a preprocessor or postprocessor intercepting the request, perhaps for security

reasons), no view is rendered, because the request could already have been fulfilled.

The HandlerExceptionResolver beans declared in the WebApplicationContext

are used to resolve exceptions thrown during request processing. Those exception

resolvers allow customizing the logic to address exceptions. See Exceptions for more

details.

The Spring DispatcherServlet also supports the return of the last-modification-

date, as specified by the Servlet API. The process of determining the last modification

date for a specific request is straightforward: the DispatcherServlet looks up an

appropriate handler mapping and tests whether the handler that is found implements

the LastModified interface. If so, the value of the long getLastModified(request)

method of the LastModified interface is returned to the client.

You can customize individual DispatcherServlet instances by adding Servlet

initialization parameters ( init-param elements) to the Servlet declaration in the

web.xml file. See the following table for the list of supported parameters.

1.2.6. Interception

All HandlerMapping implementations supports handler interceptors that are

useful when you want to apply specific functionality to certain requests, for example,

checking for a principal. Interceptors must implement HandlerInterceptor from the

org.springframework.web.servlet package with three methods that should provide

enough flexibility to do all kinds of pre-processing and post-processing:

preHandle(..) — before the actual handler is executed

postHandle(..) — after the handler is executed

afterCompletion(..) — after the complete request has finished

The preHandle(..) method returns a boolean value. You can use this method to

break or continue the processing of the execution chain. When this method returns

true, the handler execution chain will continue; when it returns false, the

DispatcherServlet assumes the interceptor itself has taken care of requests (and, for

example, rendered an appropriate view) and does not continue executing the other

interceptors and the actual handler in the execution chain.

See Interceptors in the section on MVC configuration for examples of how to

configure interceptors. You can also register them directly via setters on individual

HandlerMapping implementations.

Note that postHandle is less useful with @ResponseBody and ResponseEntity

methods for which the response is written and committed within the HandlerAdapter

and before postHandle. That means its too late to make any changes to the response

such as adding an extra header. For such scenarios you can implement

ResponseBodyAdvice and either declare it as an Controller Advice bean or configure

it directly on RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.

1.2.7. Exceptions

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Chain of resolvers

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

$*

$







*



$*

+9>

*$*

9>*8

*$*



$*

 "$''

#>$*

($'+ "1



*

redirect:

 UrlBasedViewResolver-(0,

 

5*1

?

RedirectView

#

redirect:/myapp/some/resource



剩余26页未读，继续阅读

飘旭

2019-03-18

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