【学术论文写作】03 从词汇过渡到语法

听写：There are sveral in the Brish and American. 【慢速也没有跟上。。。那些句子在自己听来就是一个个单词，所以每次记下来的也是一个个单词，而不是一次记忆一句话，然后越落越多】

语法：

1. 要养成识别语法的习惯，这样对于书面理解会很有帮助.

1. 关于动词的动名词、不定式的用法，找个本子记录下来。
2. 词性：

语法书中经常讨论的有8种词性：名词noun、代词pronoun、动词verb、形容词adjective、副词adverb、介词preposition、连接词conjunction、冠词article。

下面常用的40个词性，最好写下来帮助记忆：

1. Adjective 形容词："a yello flower"; yello is the adjective.
2. Adverb 副词: "eat slowly"; slowly is the adverb.
3. Agreement （与搭配名词或代词在数或性上的）一致，呼应："dogs bark vs. A dog barks"; the subject and verb agree in these examples.
4. Article 冠词 "a yellow flower"; a is the article.
5. Auxiliary verb 助动词 "I was running"; was is the auxiliary verb.
6. Comparative (形容词或副词)的比较级 ”the red building is taller than the other“; taller is the comparative.
7. Compound noun 复合名词："toothpaste and bus stop" are compound nouns.
8. Conditional 条件式： "If it's sunny, I'll go swimming"; this phrase expresses a conditional.
9. Conjunction 连词: "paper and pencils": and is the conjunction.
10. Continuous (动词)进行式： ”He is running“; is running is the continuous verb.
11. Contraction 缩略语: "I can't"; can't is the contraction.
12. Count noun 可数名词："three pencils": pencil is a count noun.
13. Demonstrative pronoun 指示代词: "this yellow flower"; this is the demonstrative pronoun.
14. Determiner 限定词: "the yellow flower"; the is the determiner.
15. Direct objext 直接宾语："I dropped the cup"; cup is the direct object.
16. Future tense/aspect 将来时态："He will go"; will expresses the future.
17. Gerund 动名词："swimming is fun"; swimming is the gerund.
18. Infinitive 不定式："I want to eat"; to eat is the infinitive.
19. Intransitive verb 不及物动词："I swim in the morning"; swim is an intransitive verb.
20. Irregular noun 不规则名词（不规则 的意思是它的规则与其他大多数同词性的词不一样）："child vs. children"; children is an irregular plural noun.
21. Irregular verb 不规则动词："go vs. went"; went is an irregular verb.
22. Mass noun 不可数名词："furniture"; furniture is a mass noun.
23. Modal 情态动词/助动词："I should go"; should is the modal.
24. Noun 名词："a yellow flower"; flower is the noun.
25. Participle 分词，包括过去分词喝现在分词："I picked a yellow flower"; picked a yellow flower is the participle.
26. Past tense 过去式："He ate an apple"; ate is in the past tense.
27. Perfect tense 完成时："I have jumped"; have jumped is in the (past) perfect tense.
28. Phrasal verb （由动词喝副词或介词组成的）短语动词，动词词组："look up that word"; look up is the phrasal verb.
29. Plural 复数："pencil vs. pencils"; pencils is the plural.
30. Possessive 所有格："Mary's book"; Mary is the possessive.
31. Preposition 介词："the book on the table"; on is the preposition.
32. Present tense 现在时："I am at school"; am is the present tense.
33. Pronoun 代词："You are nice"; you is a pronoun.
34. Proper noun 专有名词："France"; France is a proper noun.
35. Relative pronoun 关系代词："I want the book that you wrote"; that is the relative pronoun.
36. Reflexive pronoun 反身代词: "He shaved himself"; himself is the reflexive pronoun.
37. Subjunctive 虚拟语气："I request you stay here"; This phrase is expressed in the subjunctive.
38. Superlative （形容词或副词）最高级："the tallest building"; tallest is the superlative form.
39. Transitive verb 及物动词："I ate cereal"; ate is a transitive verb.
40. Verb 动词："He hopped"; hopped is the verb.

林渊学姐的听写经验：

先练发音，再练语流。