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c8e7222
fix
iliakan Mar 9, 2019
fa8ffbe
event options
iliakan Mar 9, 2019
d912bce
minor
iliakan Mar 9, 2019
364e707
promisify
iliakan Mar 9, 2019
c0ff7ca
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georgesolomos Mar 10, 2019
f04f269
Fix Typo
yifeiyin Mar 10, 2019
9cc6d70
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32bf3fd
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iliakan Mar 11, 2019
37e0b0e
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fdda111
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e60bb12
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c7683b6
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5ca83ba
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b9bfba0
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29292c1
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4966420
Just remove a strange symbol
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translate
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d886f55
fix function signature
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fix function signature in view
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5856120
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inheret -> inherit
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itselfs -> itself
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8 changes: 8 additions & 0 deletions 1-js/01-getting-started/1-intro/article.md
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -46,8 +46,12 @@ Il motore applica ottimizzazioni ad ogni passo del processo. Anche durate l'esec

Il JavaScript ad giorno d'oggi è un linguaggio di programmazione "sicuro". Non consente alcun accesso a basso livello alla memoria o alla CPU, questo perchè è stato creato con lo scopo di funzionare nei browser, che non richiedono questo tipo di privilegi.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Le possibilità dipendono molto dall'ambiente in cui si esegue JavaScript. Ad esempio,
[Node.JS](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js) supporta funzioni che consentono a JavaScript di scrivere/leggere file, eseguire richieste web, etc.
=======
JavaScript's capabilities greatly depend on the environment it's running in. For instance, [Node.js](https://wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js) supports functions that allow JavaScript to read/write arbitrary files, perform network requests, etc.
>>>>>>> 273e47b70a14ae7a8b882b8d2543e581b000eefb

JavaScript integrato nel browser può fare qualsiasi cosa legata alla manipolazione della pagina, interagire con l'utente e con il server.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -90,6 +94,10 @@ Ci sono almeno *tre* cose che rendono grande JavaScript:
+ Operazioni seSupporatomplici vengono eseguite semplicemente.
+ Supportato dai maggiori browser ed è attivo di default.
```
<<<<<<< HEAD
=======
JavaScript is the only browser technology that combines these three things.
>>>>>>> 273e47b70a14ae7a8b882b8d2543e581b000eefb

Queste tre caratteristiche combinate esistono solo in JavaScript e in nessun'altra tecnologia web.

Expand Down
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36 changes: 36 additions & 0 deletions 1-js/01-getting-started/2-code-editors/article.md
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Expand Up @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@

Un code editor è il posto in cui i programmatori spendo la maggior parte del loro tempo.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Ce ne sono due esemplari: IDE ed editor semplici. Molte persone si trovano bene a scegliere uno strumento per ognuno dei due tipi.

## IDE
Expand All @@ -19,6 +20,24 @@ Se non hai ancora considerato di scegliere un IDE, dai un occhiata a queste alte
Tutti gli IDE sono multi-piattaforma.

Per Windows, c'e anche l'editor "Visual Studio", da non confondere con "Visual Studio Code". "Visual Studio" è a pagamento ed è un potente editor disponibile solo per Windows, ottimo per piattaforme .NET. E' disponibile una versione gratuita ([Visual Studio Community](https://www.visualstudio.com/vs/community/).
=======
There are two main types of code editors: IDEs and lightweight editors. Many people use one tool of each type.

## IDE

The term [IDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment) (Integrated Development Environment) refers to a powerful editor with many features that usually operates on a "whole project." As the name suggests, it's not just an editor, but a full-scale "development environment."

An IDE loads the project (which can be many files), allows navigation between files, provides autocompletion based on the whole project (not just the open file), and integrates with a version management system (like [git](https://git-scm.com/)), a testing environment, and other "project-level" stuff.

If you haven't selected an IDE yet, consider the following options:

- [WebStorm](http://www.jetbrains.com/webstorm/) for frontend development. The same company offers other editors for other languages (paid).
- [Netbeans](http://netbeans.org/) (free).

All of these IDEs are cross-platform.

For Windows, there's also "Visual Studio", not to be confused with "Visual Studio Code." "Visual Studio" is a paid and mighty Windows-only editor, well-suited for the .NET platform. A free version of it is called [Visual Studio Community](https://www.visualstudio.com/vs/community/).
>>>>>>> 273e47b70a14ae7a8b882b8d2543e581b000eefb

Molti IDE sono a pagamento ma offrono un periodo di prova gratuito. Solitamente il loro costo è trascurabile se paragonato allo stipendio di una sviluppatore qualificato, è quindi importante scegliere il migliore in base alle proprie esigenze.

Expand All @@ -34,25 +53,42 @@ Nella pratica, gli editor semplici possono avere molti plugin tra cui sintassi a

Meritano attenzione le seguenti opzioni:

<<<<<<< HEAD
- [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) (multi-piattaforma, gratuito).
- [Atom](https://atom.io/) (multi-piattaforma, gratuito).
- [Sublime Text](http://www.sublimetext.com) (multi-piattaforma, shareware).
- [Notepad++](https://notepad-plus-plus.org/) (Windows, gratuito).
- [Vim](http://www.vim.org/) e [Emacs](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/) sono particolarmente carini se si sanno utilizzare.
=======
- [Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) (cross-platform, free) also has many IDE-like features.
- [Atom](https://atom.io/) (cross-platform, free).
- [Sublime Text](http://www.sublimetext.com) (cross-platform, shareware).
- [Notepad++](https://notepad-plus-plus.org/) (Windows, free).
- [Vim](http://www.vim.org/) and [Emacs](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/) are also cool if you know how to use them.
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## I miei preferiti

La personale preferenza dell'autore è di avere entrambi, un IDE per il progetto e un editor semplice per le modifiche rapide.

Io personalmente utilizzo:

<<<<<<< HEAD
- [WebStorm](http://www.jetbrains.com/webstorm/) per JS, anche se ci sono più linguaggi in un progetto posso intercambiarli tramite JetBrains.
- Come editor semplice -- [Sublime Text](http://www.sublimetext.com) o [Atom](https://atom.io/).
=======
- As an IDE for JS -- [WebStorm](http://www.jetbrains.com/webstorm/) (I switch to one of the other JetBrains offerings when using other languages)
- As a lightweight editor -- [Sublime Text](http://www.sublimetext.com) or [Atom](https://atom.io/).
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## Non intestarditevi

Gli editor elencanti sopra sono sono quelli che io e i miei amici, che considero buoni sviluppatori, abbiamo utilizzato senza problemi per molto tempo.

Ci sono altri grandi edito nel nostro grande mondo. Scegli quindi quello che più ti si addice.

<<<<<<< HEAD
La scelta di un edito, come degli altri strumenti, è individuale e dipende dai progetti, abitudini e preferenze personali.
=======
The choice of an editor, like any other tool, is individual and depends on your projects, habits, and personal preferences.
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# Developer console

<<<<<<< HEAD
Il codice è incline a contenere errori. E' molto probabile che tu commetta errori... Di cosa sto parlando? *Sicuramente* commetterai errori, sempre che tu sia umano, e non un [robot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)).

In un browser però, l'utente non può vedere gli errori. Quindi se qualcosa non funziona nello script, noi non possiamo vedere cosa non va e non possiamo perciò sistemarlo.
=======
Code is prone to errors. You will quite likely make errors... Oh, what am I talking about? You are *absolutely* going to make errors, at least if you're a human, not a [robot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)).

But in the browser, users don't see errors by default. So, if something goes wrong in the script, we won't see what's broken and can't fix it.
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Per poter visualizzare gli errori e ricevere altre informazioni utili riguardo gli script, i browser integrano degli "strumenti di sviluppo".

<<<<<<< HEAD
Molto spesso gli sviluppatori tendono ad utilizzare Chrome o Firefox poichè questi browser forniscono i migliori strumenti per lo sviluppo. Anche gli altri browser contengono gli strumenti per lo sviluppo, talvolta con caratteristiche speciali, ma più che altro giocano a "prendere" Chrome e Firefox.
Quindi molte perone hanno un browser "preferito" e utilizzano gli altri solo quando un problema è specifico di quel browser.

Gli strumenti di sviluppo sono potenti; hanno molte caratteristiche. Prima di tutto, dobbiamo capire come ottenerli, come cercare errori e come eseguire comandi JavaScript.
=======
Most developers lean towards Chrome or Firefox for development because those browsers have the best developer tools. Other browsers also provide developer tools, sometimes with special features, but are usually playing "catch-up" to Chrome or Firefox. So most developers have a "favorite" browser and switch to others if a problem is browser-specific.

Developer tools are potent; they have many features. To start, we'll learn how to open them, look at errors, and run JavaScript commands.
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## Google Chrome

Expand All @@ -32,28 +44,53 @@ Il look esatto degli strumenti di sviluppo dipenderà dalla tua versione di Chro

Sotto il messaggio d'errore, c'e un simbolo blu `>`. Questo indica la "riga di comando" dove noi possiamo digitare dei comandi JavaScript. Premendo `key:Enter` si eseguono (`key:Shift+Enter` per inserire comandi multi-linea).

<<<<<<< HEAD
Adesso possiamo visualizzare gli errori, ed è già abbastanza come inizio. Ritorneremo sugli strumenti di sviluppo più avanti e analizzeremo il debugging più in profondità nel capitolo <info:debugging-chrome>.
=======
Now we can see errors, and that's enough for a start. We'll come back to developer tools later and cover debugging more in-depth in the chapter <info:debugging-chrome>.
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## Firefox, Edge, and others

Molti altri browser utilizzano `key:F12` per aprire gli strumenti di sviluppo.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Lo stile è comunque molto simile. Quando avrai imparato come utilizzare uno di questi strumenti (puoi iniziare con quelli di Chrome), potrai facilmente passare agli altri.
=======
The look & feel of them is quite similar. Once you know how to use one of these tools (you can start with Chrome), you can easily switch to another.
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## Safari

Safari (Mac browser, non supportato da Windows/Linux) è un pò speciale in questo ambito. E' necessario attivare prima il "Menu di Sviluppo".

<<<<<<< HEAD
Apri le Impostazioni e vai sul pannello "Avanzate". In basso troverai un'opzione da spuntare:
=======
Open Preferences and go to the "Advanced" pane. There's a checkbox at the bottom:
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![safari](safari.png)

Adesso tramite `key:Cmd+Opt+C` puoi attivare/disattivare la console. Inoltre noterai che un nuovo menu "Sviluppo" è apparso. Contiene molti comandi e opzioni.

<<<<<<< HEAD
## Riepilogo

- Gli strumenti di sviluppo ci consentono di trovare gli errori, eseguire comandi, esaminare variabili e molto altro.
- Possono essere aperti con `key:F12` per la maggior parte dei browser in Windows. Chrome su Mac `key:Cmd+Opt+J`, Safari: `key:Cmd+Opt+C` (avendolo precedentemente abilitato).
=======
## Multi-line input

Usually, when we put a line of code into the console, and then press `key:Enter`, it executes.

To insert multiple lines, press `key:Shift+Enter`.

## Summary

- Developer tools allow us to see errors, run commands, examine variables, and much more.
- They can be opened with `key:F12` for most browsers on Windows. Chrome for Mac needs `key:Cmd+Opt+J`, Safari: `key:Cmd+Opt+C` (need to enable first).
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Adesso abbiamo l'ambiente di sviluppo pronto. Nella prossima sezione inizieremo ad analizzare JavaScript.
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# Hello, world!

<<<<<<< HEAD
Il seguente tutorial tratta del core(nucleo) JavaScript, che è indipendente dalla piattaforma. Inoltre, più avanti, imparerai Node.JS e altre piattaforme che ne fanno utilizzo.

Abbiamo bisogno di un ambiente di lavoro per eseguire i nostri script, e il fatto che questo libro sia online, rende il browser un ottima scelta. Cercheremo di mantenere al minimo l'utilizzo dei comandi specifici per browser (come `alert`), cosi non dovrai perdere la testa se deciderai di spostarti in altri ambienti come Node.JS. In ogni caso, i dettagli browser vengono spiegati in dettaglio nella [prossima parte](/ui) del tutorial.

Quindi prima di tutto, vediamo come inserire uno script in una pagina web. Per ambienti server-side, è sufficiente eseguirli con un comando come `"node my.js"` in Node.JS.
=======
The tutorial that you're reading is about core JavaScript, which is platform-independent. Later on, you'll learn about Node.js and other platforms that use it.

But we need a working environment to run our scripts and, since this book is online, the browser is a good choice. We'll keep the amount of browser-specific commands (like `alert`) to a minimum so that you don't spend time on them if you plan to concentrate on another environment (like Node.js). We'll focus on JavaScript in the browser in the [next part](/ui) of the tutorial.

So first, let's see how we attach a script to a webpage. For server-side environments (like Node.js), you can execute the script with a command like `"node my.js"`.
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## Il tag "script"

I programmi JavaScript possono essere inseriti in qualunque parte di un documento HTML, con l'utilizzo del tag `<script>`.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Ad esempio:
=======
JavaScript programs can be inserted into any part of an HTML document with the help of the `<script>` tag.

For instance:
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```html run height=100
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
Expand All @@ -34,6 +48,7 @@ Ad esempio:
```

```online
<<<<<<< HEAD
Puoi eseguire l'esempio cliccando su "Play" tramite il bottone in altro a destra.
```

Expand All @@ -52,28 +67,64 @@ Il tag `<script>` ha un paio di attributi che vengono utilizzati raramente, ma

Commenti prima e dopo lo script.
: Nei più vecchi libri, è possibile trovare un commento all'interno dell'elemento `<script>`, come segue:
=======
You can run the example by clicking the "Play" button in the right-top corner of the box above.
```

The `<script>` tag contains JavaScript code which is automatically executed when the browser processes the tag.


## Modern markup

The `<script>` tag has a few attributes that are rarely used nowadays but can still be found in old code:

The `type` attribute: <code>&lt;script <u>type</u>=...&gt;</code>
: The old HTML standard, HTML4, required a script to have a `type`. Usually it was `type="text/javascript"`. It's not required anymore. Also, the modern HTML standard, HTML5, totally changed the meaning of this attribute. Now, it can be used for JavaScript modules. But that's an advanced topic; we'll talk about modules in another part of the tutorial.

The `language` attribute: <code>&lt;script <u>language</u>=...&gt;</code>
: This attribute was meant to show the language of the script. This attribute no longer makes sense because JavaScript is the default language. There is no need to use it.

Comments before and after scripts.
: In really ancient books and guides, you may find comments inside `<script>` tags, like this:
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```html no-beautify
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
...
//--></script>
```

<<<<<<< HEAD
Questo trucco non viene più utilizzato nel moderno JavaScript. I commenti venivano utilizzati per nascondere il codice JavaScript dai vecchi browser che non conoscevano il tag `<script>`.I browser rilasciati negli utlimi 15 anni non hanno questo problema, questo tipo di strategia può aiutarti a riconsocere i vecchi codici.
=======
This trick isn't used in modern JavaScript. These comments hid JavaScript code from old browsers that didn't know how to process the `<script>` tag. Since browsers released in the last 15 years don't have this issue, this kind of comment can help you identify really old code.
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## Script esterni

Se abbiamo molto codice JavaScript, possiamo inserirlo in un file separato.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Il file dello script viene integrato nel codice HTML tramtie l'attributo `src`:
=======
If we have a lot of JavaScript code, we can put it into a separate file.

Script files are attached to HTML with the `src` attribute:
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```html
<script src="/path/to/script.js"></script>
```

<<<<<<< HEAD
Questo `/path/to/script.js` è il percorso assoluto al file che contiene lo script (dalla root del sito).

E' anche possibile fornire un percorso relativo a partire dalla pagina corrente. Per esempio `src="script.js"` significa che il file `"script.js"` si trova nella cartella corrente.
=======
Here, `/path/to/script.js` is an absolute path to the script file (from the site root).

You can also provide a relative path from the current page. For instance, `src="script.js"` would mean a file `"script.js"` in the current folder.
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Possiamo anche fornire un URL. Per esempio:

Expand All @@ -92,6 +143,7 @@ Per integrare più script, utilzzate più volte il tag:
```smart
Come regola da seguire, solo gli script molto semplici vanno inseriti all'interno dell'HTML. Quelli più complessi vanno inseriti in file separati.

<<<<<<< HEAD
Il beneficio di inserire gli script in file separati è che il browser andrà a scaricarli e li memorizzerà nella sua [cache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_cache).

Cosi facendo, le altre pagine che vorranno utilizzare lo stesso script lo preleveranno dallacache invece che riscaricarlo. Quindi il file verrà scaricato una sola volta.
Expand All @@ -101,6 +153,17 @@ Questo risparmierà traffico e renderà le pagine più veloci.

````warn header="Se `src` è impostato, il contenuto all'interno di script verrà ignorato."
Quindi un tag `<script>` non può avere sia `src` che codice incorporato.
=======
The benefit of a separate file is that the browser will download it and store it in its [cache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_cache).

Other pages that reference the same script will take it from the cache instead of downloading it, so the file is actually downloaded only once.

That reduces traffic and makes pages faster.
```

````warn header="If `src` is set, the script content is ignored."
A single `<script>` tag can't have both the `src` attribute and code inside.
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Questo non funziona:

Expand All @@ -110,7 +173,11 @@ Questo non funziona:
</script>
```

<<<<<<< HEAD
Dobbiamo scegliere: o esterno `<script src="…">` o il semplice tag `<script>` con all'interno il codice.
=======
We must choose either an external `<script src="…">` or a regular `<script>` with code.
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L'esempio precedete può essere diviso in due script:

Expand All @@ -121,10 +188,20 @@ L'esempio precedete può essere diviso in due script:
</script>
```

<<<<<<< HEAD
## Riepilogo
=======
- We can use a `<script>` tag to add JavaScript code to a page.
- The `type` and `language` attributes are not required.
- A script in an external file can be inserted with `<script src="path/to/script.js"></script>`.
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- Possiamo usare il tag `<script>` per aggiungere codice JavaScript alla pagina.
- Gli attributi `type` e `language` non sono richiesti.
- Uno script in un file esterno può essere inserito con `<script src="path/to/script.js"></script>`.

<<<<<<< HEAD
C'e ancora molto da imparare riguaro gli script browser e la loro interazione con le pagine web. Ma tenete a mente che questa parte del tutorial è dedicata al linguaggio JavaScript, quindi non dobbiamo distrarci da questo obbiettivo. Andremo ad utilizzare il browser come piattaforma in cui eseguire JavaScript, che è molto utile, ma è solo uno dei tanti modi.
=======
There is much more to learn about browser scripts and their interaction with the webpage. But let's keep in mind that this part of the tutorial is devoted to the JavaScript language, so we shouldn't distract ourselves with browser-specific implementations of it. We'll be using the browser as a way to run JavaScript, which is very convenient for online reading, but only one of many.
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