Pawan Kumar

𝐊𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐑𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐦𝐚𝐩 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟓 Kubernetes has become the de facto standard for container orchestration. But with so many moving parts, it is easy to feel overwhelmed. 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩-𝐛𝐲-𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩 𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐦𝐚𝐩 𝐭𝐨 𝐠𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐝𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲: 1. Core Components Start with the basics: * Pods, ReplicaSets, Deployments → Understand how apps run and scale inside Kubernetes. 2. Stateful Application & Data Management Learn to manage stateful workloads: * PersistentVolumes (PV), StatefulSets → Handle databases and apps that need stable storage. 3. Infrastructure & Control Plane Get into the Kubernetes brain: * Nodes, Controllers, Scheduler → Know how the cluster makes decisions. 4. Security & Identity Management Lock down your cluster: * RBAC (Role-Based Access Control), Network Policies → Secure communication and access. 5. Auto Scaling & Load Balancing Make your apps self-healing and elastic: * HorizontalPodAutoscaler, Ingress Controllers → Optimize performance and traffic flow. 6. Backup, Restore & Disaster Recovery Be prepared for failures: * Velero (Heptio Ark) → Protect data and plan for cluster recovery. 7. Networking Understand how services talk: * Services, DNS, CNI (Container Network Interface) → Ensure seamless cluster communication. 8. Package Management & Configuration Simplify deployments: * Helm, Operators → Manage apps like a pro. 9. Monitoring & Observability Gain deep visibility: * Prometheus, Grafana → Track health, performance, and troubleshoot effectively. 10. Continuous Integration & Deployment (CI/CD) Automate your pipelines: * Jenkins, GitLab CI/CD → Streamline deployments from code to production. 💡 𝐏𝐫𝐨 𝐓𝐢𝐩: Start small, master the fundamentals, and gradually move into advanced areas like security, observability, and automation. Kubernetes mastery is not a sprint - it is a strategic journey. 🌟 ♻️ Repost this to help your network get started ➕ Follow Jaswindder Kummar for more

137

26 Comments

API Gateway ≠ AI Gateway Both sit in front of services, but they solve different classes of problems. API Gateway -Protocol-level: HTTP, REST, GraphQL, gRPC -Stateless request/response routing -Focus on auth, throttling, caching, logging -Examples: Kong, NGINX, AWS API Gateway AI Gateway -Model-level: LLMs, embeddings, multi-model orchestration -Stateful: tracks context, conversation, memory -Handles token accounting, latency metrics, model routing -AI-specific observability (usage, cost per token, provider SLAs) -Examples: OpenRouter, LangChain Gateway, Hugging Face LLM Router Think of it this way: API Gateway optimizes API traffic AI Gateway optimizes model traffic As AI stacks evolve, I expect AI Gateways to become as foundational as API Gateways — especially in enterprises juggling multiple LLMs across vendors.

777

58 Comments

🚀 Freshers: Want to crack your Kubernetes interview in 2025? Here’s what Interviewers are actually asking right now (based on recent interview data): 👇 🔹 Core Components 👉 Explain Pods, Nodes, Clusters, Deployments 👉 Know API Server, etcd, Scheduler, Controller, Kubelet 🔹 Networking & Routing 👉 Difference between ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, Ingress 👉 Taints, Tolerations, Labels, Selectors 🔹 Config & Persistence 👉 ConfigMaps vs Secrets 👉 Persistent Volumes (PV) & Persistent Volume Claims (PVC) 🔹 Scenario-Based Questions 👉 How to upgrade clusters without downtime? 👉 How to troubleshoot an initContainer failure? 🔹 Insider Tips (from real engineers) 👉 Interviewers often start with: “What’s your favorite Kubernetes feature?” 👉 Then dive into RollingUpdate strategies, CPU throttling, DNS-based service discovery, and StatefulSet vs Deployment. 💡 The takeaway: Don’t just memorize definitions. Show clarity, problem-solving, and genuine understanding of Kubernetes. That’s how freshers stand out in 2025. 🚀

193

4 Comments

Ingress vs Service Mesh: The battle of Kubernetes traffic control. One rules the edge. The other rules everything inside. In Kubernetes, Ingress and Service Mesh both are used for managing traffic, but in fundamentally different scopes. With the help of a simple illustration Let’s understand how they are different. 𝗜𝗻𝗴𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀 handles North-South traffic, which means it manages external client requests entering the cluster. It offers features like host/path-based routing, TLS termination, and basic auth. You can think of it as the gatekeeper of your Kubernetes environment. 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝘀𝗵, on the other hand, is used to manage East-West traffic, which means it controls the internal communication between services. It introduces sidecar proxies (e.g., Envoy) to handle secure (mTLS), observable, and reliable communication.

96

32 Comments

Kubernetes Troubleshooting – Step by Step 🛠️ Running workloads on Kubernetes can be powerful, but sometimes pods get stuck in a Pending state. Instead of guessing, a structured troubleshooting approach helps identify and fix the root cause quickly. Here’s a simple breakdown to follow when pods won’t schedule: ✅ Check Node Resources – Scale up the cluster or optimize resource requests. ✅ Taints & Tolerations – Ensure workloads have the right tolerations. ✅ Node Selectors & Affinity – Verify affinity/anti-affinity rules. ✅ Persistent Volume Claims – Confirmstorage availability and capacity. ✅ Scheduler Errors – Analyze logs to resolve unexplained pending states. With this systematic approach, you can go from problem ➝ diagnosis ➝ solution efficiently. #Kubernetes #CloudComputing #DevOps #Troubleshooting #Containers

994

26 Comments

🚀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗞𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗔𝗱𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿 (𝗖𝗞𝗔) 𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 ✨ Why this certification matters Kubernetes is the backbone of modern cloud-native applications. With containers powering DevOps, AI, and enterprise-scale workloads, certified Kubernetes administrators are in high demand. The CKA proves your ability to install, configure, and manage production-grade Kubernetes clusters—a critical skill for IT professionals today. ⚡ What makes CKA unique 100% hands-on exam – no multiple choice, only real tasks. Focused on real-world administration: networking, storage, troubleshooting, RBAC, and security. Respected across AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud since Kubernetes is vendor-neutral. Ideal for IT professionals moving into Cloud, DevOps, and Platform Engineering roles. 📘 How to prepare effectively Use the official CNCF curriculum as your study guide. Practice daily with Kubernetes labs (kind, minikube, or cloud providers). Take mock exams under timed conditions to simulate the real environment. Strengthen Linux and container fundamentals—they are tested heavily. 👉 If you want to level up your cloud and DevOps career, CKA is one of the best investments in 2025. Check out the eBook for more insights. 🎯𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙘𝙡𝙤𝙪𝙙 𝙘𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨? 𝙰𝚆𝚂 / 𝙶𝙲𝙿 / 𝙰𝚣𝚞𝚛𝚎?  𝚃𝚑𝚎𝚜𝚎 pdf 𝚍𝚘𝚠𝚗𝚕𝚘𝚊𝚍𝚜 𝚑𝚊𝚟𝚎 𝚊𝚌𝚝𝚞𝚊𝚕 𝚚𝚞𝚎𝚜𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚊𝚙𝚙𝚎𝚊𝚛 𝚘𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚎𝚜𝚝.  Plus this site is full of FREE Guides. https://lnkd.in/gUkdFtin 🔥 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑸𝒖𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔. 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒖𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔. #AWS #Azure #GoogleCloud #CloudCertifications #CloudCertificationStore #CKA #Kubernetes #DevOps #CloudNative #Containers #Microservices #CloudSecurity #CloudComputing #KubernetesAdmin #Cloud #Innovation #CloudExperts #Docker #CKAD #CKS #CloudOps #PlatformEngineering #SiteReliabilityEngineering #SRE #ITCertifications #CareerGrowth #FutureOfWork #CertificationJourney #CloudCareers #DigitalTransformation #CloudTraining #Upskill #ExamPrep #MockExams #ITJobs #TechCareers #LearningNeverStops

59

DevOps Scenario-Based Series – For Freshers <5/100> AWS Rescue Mode Scenario: You are managing an EC2 instance hosting a production app. Suddenly, the instance becomes unreachable via SSH. On investigation, you realize: Disk utilization is 100% full Load average is extremely high You cannot even SSH into the instance Question: How will you recover this EC2 instance and bring it back to a stable state? Solution (Step-by-Step): Stop the Instance Go to the AWS Console → EC2 → Select the instance → Stop it. Detach the Root Volume From the instance details, detach the root EBS volume. Attach to a Helper Instance Launch/identify another healthy EC2 instance. Attach the detached volume as a secondary disk to this helper instance. Mount the Volume SSH into the helper instance. Mount the secondary volume (e.g., /dev/xvdf → /mnt/rescue). Free Up Space Navigate inside /mnt/rescue and check large files. Delete old logs, temp files, or move unused data to S3. Example: sudo du -sh * | sort -h sudo rm -rf /mnt/rescue/var/log/old_logs/* Detach and Reattach Unmount the volume. Detach it from the helper instance. Reattach it as the root volume to the original instance. Start the Instance Boot up the original EC2 instance. Now SSH should work fine. Prevention Tips: Use CloudWatch alarms to monitor disk usage. Implement log rotation to prevent oversized log files. Use EBS Auto-Scaling (gp3, io2) or EFS/S3 for heavy storage workloads. Learning: Rescue Mode (via detach/attach volumes) is a life-saving technique for AWS EC2 when normal SSH access is blocked. #justvisualise #AWS #EC2 #RescueMode #DevOps #ScenarioBased #100DaysOfDevOps

96

14 Comments

#Kubernetes Journey – Day 8: Volumes & Persistent Volumes In Kubernetes, containers are ephemeral – once a Pod is deleted or restarted, its data is lost. That’s where Volumes & Persistent Volumes (PV) come into play. 🔹 Volume – Provides storage to a Pod, ensuring data is available during container restarts inside the same Pod. 🔹 Persistent Volume (PV) – A cluster-wide storage resource that exists independently of Pods. 🔹 Persistent Volume Claim (PVC) – A request made by a Pod to use storage from a PV. ✅ Key Takeaways: Volumes solve the ephemeral nature of containers. PVs abstract the underlying storage (NFS, AWS EBS, GCP PD, Azure Disk, etc.). PVCs let developers request storage without worrying about backend implementation. StorageClasses automate dynamic provisioning of volumes. 💡 Real-World Example: Imagine running a database Pod (MySQL/Postgres) – you cannot afford to lose data every time the Pod restarts. By using PVCs with PVs, you ensure your data persists reliably. #Interview Question for You: Q.What is the difference between Volume, PV, and PVC in Kubernetes? #Kubernetes #DevOps #CloudComputing #Containers #LearningJourney Pod → PVC → PV → Storage

60

6 Comments

🚀 Terraform vs Ansible – Same Same, But Different One of the most common mix-ups I see when people start in DevOps is between Terraform and Ansible. Both are automation tools, but they solve very different problems. ✨ Terraform – The Architect Defines Infrastructure as Code (IaC). Provisions servers, networks, and cloud resources. 👉 Example: “Create 3 EC2 instances behind a load balancer in AWS.” ✨ Ansible – The Chef Handles Configuration Management. Installs packages, applies configs, manages deployments, keeps apps running. 👉 Example: “Install Nginx, deploy my app, and keep the service up.” 🔑 The Analogy Terraform → Builds the restaurant 🏗️ Ansible → Prepares the food & keeps service running 👨‍🍳 When combined, they’re not competitors—they complement each other. Terraform lays the foundation. Ansible makes it usable. That’s where the real DevOps magic happens. ✨ #DevOps #Terraform #Ansible #Cloud #Automation

47

5 Comments

Normal Pod vs Secured Pod – Why Security Context Matters in Kubernetes In today’s cloud-native world, containers and Kubernetes have become the backbone of modern applications. But with great agility comes an equally important responsibility: security. As solution architects, we must not only design for scalability and performance but also embed security as a first-class citizen in our architecture. One of the most overlooked areas in Kubernetes is the difference between a Normal Pod and a Secured Pod. At first glance, both seem identical—they run workloads, expose services, and scale as needed. But under the hood, the security posture can make all the difference between a resilient system and an open door for attackers. 🔹 Normal Pod A normal pod often runs with default settings. This usually means the container may run as root, the filesystem is writable, Linux capabilities are not restricted, and host-level access is possible. While this works for development speed, it leaves the environment vulnerable. If compromised, such a pod could allow privilege escalation, lateral movement across the cluster, or even host takeovers. 🔹 Secured Pod A secured pod, on the other hand, is designed with defense-in-depth principles. It enforces a SecurityContext and Pod Security Standards such as: Running as a non-root user Using a read-only filesystem Dropping all unnecessary Linux capabilities Applying seccomp/AppArmor profiles to restrict system calls Enforcing resource limits to prevent denial-of-service attacks By shifting left and securing pods at the design stage, we significantly reduce the attack surface. This also aligns with compliance frameworks like CIS Benchmarks, PCI DSS, and zero-trust models. 🔑 Why does this matter at an architectural level? Because Kubernetes security is not just a DevOps problem—it’s an enterprise resilience challenge. When you standardize secured pods, you embed trust into your CI/CD pipelines, accelerate audits, and prevent costly breaches. More importantly, you enable teams to innovate faster without the constant fear of vulnerabilities. ✅ Takeaway: A normal pod may be enough to run an app, but a secured pod ensures that the app runs safely, responsibly, and compliantly. As architects and technology leaders, we must advocate for secure defaults and foster a culture where security is seen not as a blocker, but as an enabler of sustainable innovation.

28

1 Comment

🚀 Learning Kubernetes Can Be 100% Free & 100% Project-Based! Forget endless tutorials — my 4 + 2 blog series on Medium will teach you practical Kubernetes through real-world projects. Kubernetes Blogs 1️⃣ Stop Over-Complicating Kubernetes: The right way to start learning. https://lnkd.in/g_qM4hFK 2️⃣ Building Your First Real Kubernetes Application. https://lnkd.in/gXn8C74h 3️⃣ Deploy a Production-Ready 3-Tier App on AWS EKS (React + Flask + Postgres with RDS, ALB, Route53, IAM, EC2) https://lnkd.in/g6A8RKFx 4️⃣ Add Free SSL Certificates to Your Kubernetes App on EKS. https://lnkd.in/g-mwaePg 💡 But first, master Docker before diving into Kubernetes! Docker Blogs 5️⃣ Everything You Need To Know About Docker https://lnkd.in/gC6DfRrJ 6️⃣ Run Multi-Container Apps with Docker Compose https://lnkd.in/gwFwTMeS 🔁 Repost to help others learn for free. 🔔 Follow DevCloud Partners → https://lnkd.in/ghK387-w

28