Rakesh S

𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚’𝐬 𝐒𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐇𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐑𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐫𝐬! The semiconductor industry in India is experiencing an unprecedented hiring boom — gradually chipping away at IT placements and opening exciting opportunities for engineers across domains. 🔹 End-to-end hiring: RTL/SoC design, verification, embedded systems, manufacturing (process, packaging, yield). 🔹 Freshers’ salaries: ₹6–12 LPA (vs. ₹3–4 LPA in IT). 🔹 Aggressive campus recruitment from tier-2 & tier-3 colleges, not just IITs. 🔹 Internships: ₹40k–50k/month stipends to build hands-on chip design skills. 🔹 Hiring scale: ~12,000 freshers annually (up from 8,000 last year). 🔹 Career growth: Roles extend up to ₹20–120 LPA for architects & leaders. Fuelled by global supply chain shifts, EVs, telecom, defence, and government initiatives (DLI, PLI, ECMS), this hiring surge is reshaping student aspirations, especially in ECE and core engineering branches. With India projected to hit $103B semiconductor market by 2030, this is the right time for students and professionals to align their skills with VLSI, Embedded Systems, AI/ML hardware, and semiconductor manufacturing. The future is semiconductor — and India is powering ahead as a global hub! https://lnkd.in/gKtU5Gn2 #Semiconductor #VLSI #ChipDesign #EmbeddedSystems #Electronics #SoC #SemiconductorIndia #SemiconductorJobs #SemiconductorTalent #HiringTrends #Careers #ECE #Engineering #SemiconductorEcosystem #MakeInIndia #Innovation #ElectronicsManufacturing #FutureOfWork #AI #ML #Hardware #Manufacturing #IndiaSemiconductorMission

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Memory paging in OS: Memory paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of physical memory, thereby making more efficient use of available memory and simplifying memory allocation. 👉 Basic Idea 1️⃣ Paging: Divides the virtual memory into fixed-size blocks called pages and the physical memory into blocks of the same size called frames. 2️⃣ Virtual Memory: An abstraction that provides each process with the illusion of a large, contiguous address space. 3️⃣ Physical Memory: The actual RAM available in the system. 👉Key Components 1️⃣ Pages: Fixed-size blocks of virtual memory. Common sizes are 4 KB, 2 MB, or 1 GB. 2️⃣ Frames: Fixed-size blocks of physical memory that correspond in size to pages. 3️⃣ Page Table: A data structure used by the operating system to keep track of the mapping between virtual pages and physical frames. 👉 How Paging Works 1️⃣ Address Translation: When a program accesses a memory address, the virtual address is translated into a physical address using the page table. The virtual address consists of: Page Number: Indexes into the page table. Offset: Specifies the exact location within the page. 2️⃣ Page Table Lookup: The page table entry (PTE) for the page number provides the frame number. The frame number is combined with the offset to produce the physical address. 3️⃣ Page Faults: A page fault occurs if the required page is not in physical memory (not mapped to any frame). The operating system must bring the page from disk (swap space) into a free frame in physical memory and update the page table. 💪 Benefits of Paging 1️⃣ Eliminates Contiguous Allocation Requirement: Physical memory can be used more efficiently since any free frame can be used for any page. 2️⃣ Isolation and Protection: Each process operates in its own virtual address space, preventing one process from accessing the memory of another process. 3️⃣ Simplifies Memory Management: The operating system can manage memory in fixed-size blocks, simplifying allocation and deallocation. ✅ Summary Memory paging is a powerful technique that provides the benefits of virtual memory without the drawbacks of contiguous physical memory allocation. It allows systems to efficiently manage memory, ensure process isolation, and simplify memory allocation and deallocation through the use of fixed-size pages and frames. #paging #os #kernel #linux #embedded #learning #systemdesign

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#TutorialSeries #130 🚀 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐬𝐮𝐧𝐠 𝐇𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐂𝐄 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬🥇 For many ECE engineers, Samsung Semiconductor is a dream destination. With India becoming a hub for chip design and verification, the opportunities in VLSI are bigger than ever. But the hiring process is intense—and very different from typical software interviews. 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞’𝐬 𝐚 𝐛𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐤𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐬𝐮𝐧𝐠 𝐕𝐋𝐒𝐈 𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐂𝐄 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 👇 🔹 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 1: 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 & 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 ▶️CGPA Cutoff: ~7.5 or higher. ▶️Branches: ECE, EEE, Instrumentation. 🔗https://lnkd.in/gfRYVJCr 👉 Tip: Highlight VLSI coursework, labs and internship/research projects on your resume. 🔹 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 2: 𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧 / 𝐎𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 ▶️The biggest screening step. Usually a mix of core + aptitude. ▶️Electronics & VLSI topics: ✅Digital design (counters, FSMs, timing diagrams) ✅CMOS basics (Vt, leakage, scaling effects) ✅Device physics & semiconductor fundamentals ✅Verilog/VHDL coding & debugging STA basics, setup/hold violations ✅Aptitude: Quantitative + logical reasoning. ✅Coding (sometimes): Basic C or scripting (Python/Perl/TCL) for automation roles. 👉 Tip: Prepare from M. Morris Mano, Rabaey, Sedra/Smith and practice HDL problems. 🔹 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 3: 𝐓𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰𝐬 (2–3 𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐬) ▶️Deep dive into your VLSI knowledge. ▶️Common areas tested: ✅Digital Electronics: Flip-flops, multiplexers, FSMs, hazards, timing analysis. ✅CMOS & Devices: Inverter characteristics, power-delay tradeoff, scaling. ✅HDL (Verilog/VHDL/SystemVerilog): ✅Write RTL code, explain testbenches, debug logic. ✅EDA Tools: Synopsys, Cadence basics; STA, synthesis, simulation. ✅Verification: Assertions, coverage, randomization, UVM basics. ✅Project Discussion: “How did you design/verify this block? What optimizations did you make?” 👉 Tip: Be ready to write code on a whiteboard / online pad (e.g., Verilog module for a priority encoder with testbench). 🔹 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 4: 𝐇𝐑 / 𝐁𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐑𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 ▶️Checks culture-fit, passion, and long-term vision. ▶️Why VLSI? Why Samsung? ▶️How do you see yourself growing in the semiconductor industry? 👉 Tip: Show awareness of Samsung Foundry, 5nm/3nm nodes, AI/automotive chips—connect your interests to their roadmap. 🌟 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 ✅ Master digital + CMOS fundamentals—these are always tested. ✅ Practice HDL coding regularly. ✅ Understand EDA flow. ✅ Talk confidently about projects—even an FPGA mini-project can shine if explained well. 🔁 Follow SAMAGATA SEMICONDUCTORS COMMUNITY in linkdin, join Whatsapp group( https://lnkd.in/g3RCDTvG ) and follow on Instagram(https://lnkd.in/gjJbDcRj) for career tips, VLSI insights and tech updates. #Semiconductors #VLSI #VirtualLabs #IIT #NIT #ECE #BTech #MTech #cfbr #Innovation #AnalogDesign #DigitalDesign #FreeTools #SamagataSemiconductors

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Steps to start ASIC Verification in VLSI for ECE/EEE Graduates: STEPWISE APPROACH: Step 1: To have a Good Understanding on Verilog a) Start with the books "Verilog HDL by Samir Palnitkar and a "A Verilog HDL Primer by J.Bhasker. b) Practice some Verilog Codes related to combinational Circuit and Basic gates. Simulate the design and check the waveform. c) Once step a and b are over, refer to Verilog LRM for further in-depth understanding and then start with coding of sequential circuits. Clear understanding of Blocking and Nonblocking execution and to follow coding guideline is highly required. d) Later on move to sequence detector and FSM coding. Also refer the event queues in Verilog in detail. The above point (1) is not a prerequisite for Verification but before jumping on to SV and UVM it's really important to go through Verilog in detail which will be later immensely helpful in the Design and Debugging. Step 2: Go through SystemVerilog in depth. Following are some of the resources. a) Start with SystemVerilog LRM 1800 - 2023 and SystemVerilog for Verification book by Chris Spear and go through each concept. b) Also refer to the book SystemVerilog for Design by Stuart Sutherland. Understand the difference b/w Synthesizable and Non Synthesizable construct.Have a good Understanding on the Event Queue and their execution. c) To have a good understanding on OOP related concepts, Design pattern, randomization concepts and constraints. d) Have a good understanding on Testbench Architecture. Step 3: Start with UVM/OVM. a) Go through UVM user guide and try to fetch a understanding on Testbench Architecture. b) Use UVM class reference manual for reference and class definitions. c) Take any IP like I2C, APB or even a FIFO or memory controller and try to create a Verification environment. Write some Test cases to verify the correctness. 4] To have a good understanding on Assertion Based Verification and Functional /Code. #vlsi #asic #electricalengineering #uvm

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10 must-know CMOS fundamentals questions for VLSI freshers (Interview-ready) If preparing for VLSI roles (design/verification/STA/PD), mastering CMOS basics is a huge differentiator. Here are 10 high-impact, conceptual questions interviewers love to ask freshers—plus what they’re really testing. 1.     Explain how a CMOS inverter works. ·       What happens in different input regions (0, transition, VDD)? ·       Why is CMOS static power ideally near zero? ·       What sets the switching threshold? 2.    Draw and explain the DC transfer characteristics of a CMOS inverter. ·       Define VIH, VIL, VOH, VOL and noise margins. ·       Where is the region of highest gain and why? 3.     What are the main sources of power consumption in CMOS? ·       Dynamic (switching + short-circuit), static (leakage types). ·       How do frequency, capacitance, and VDD impact power? ·       Practical ways to reduce each component. 4.    What is logical effort? ·       How it helps size gates for speed. ·       Parasitic delay vs effort delay; path effort intuition. ·       When not to trust it blindly. 5.     Explain body effect and its impact on VTH. ·       Why source-to-body matters (especially in bulk). ·       How it affects speed, leakage, and corners. ·       Differences in bulk vs SOI/FinFET contexts. 6.    Setup and hold time: what, why, and how violations occur. ·       Metastability and permissible timing windows. ·       Typical fixes (add pipeline, skew, sizing, Vt swap). 7.     Short-channel effects: DIBL, velocity saturation, channel length modulation. ·       How scaling changes I-V behavior and VTH. ·       Impact on delay, noise margins, leakage. 8.    What is PVT variation? How do corners affect design? ·       Process (SS/TT/FF), voltage, temperature. ·       Why timing closure needs best/worst corners and derates. ·       On-chip variation basics. 9.    Design a 2-input CMOS NAND (or NOR): transistor sizing and reasoning. ·       Series vs parallel stacking impact on pull-up/pull-down strength. ·       Matching rise/fall delays and W/L ratios conceptually. 10.  Explain the trade-offs between low-Vt, standard-Vt, and high-Vt cells. ·       Speed vs leakage vs IR/EM vs variability. ·       Multi-Vt strategies in real chips (critical vs non-critical paths). How to use this: ·       Don’t just memorize definitions—tie each question to waveforms, curves, or simple sketches. ·       Practice explaining in 60–90 seconds with clarity and structure. ·       If possible, connect answers to a small project or lab (e.g., “I measured inverter VTC and extracted noise margins…”). Also happy to mock interview for VLSI freshers. #VLSI #CMOS #Semiconductors #Freshers #Design #ASIC #FPGA #STA #PhysicalDesign #FrontEnd #BackEnd #EDA #Interviews

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7 key branches of semiconductors with leading companies & Applications 1. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration): Leading Companies: Intel, Samsung, TSMC Applications: Microprocessors, Memory chips , ASICs 2. Power Semiconductors: Leading Companies: Infineon, STMicroelectronics Texas Instruments Applications: Electric vehicles (inverters, converters), Renewable energy 3. Analog Semiconductors: Leading Companies: Analog Devices, Texas Instruments, Maxim Integrated Applications: Audio & Video processing, Communication systems and RF circuits 4. Digital Semiconductors: Leading Companies: Intel, Qualcomm, Broadcom Applications:Microprocessors and microcontrollers, Memory chips (Flash memory, SSDs) 5. MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems): Leading Companies:Bosch Sensortec, STM, Analog Devices Applications:Accelerometers and gyroscopes in smartphones, Pressure sensors for automotive applications, Inkjet printer heads and microphones 6. Optoelectronics: Leading Companies:Cree, Nichia, Osram Applications:LEDs for displays, Optical communication, Photodetectors 7. Compound Semiconductors: Leading Companies:Cree, Qorvo, GaN Systems Applications:High-frequency RF (Radio Frequency) devices, Power amplifiers for wireless communication For all Semiconductors and AI related content, follow TechoVedas Add more branches in the comments. If you are looking to invest in semiconductors and looking for consulting, drop us a DM. #VLSI #AI #semiconductorindustry

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Many people ask me about the Google DV interview process, so I thought of sharing my experience here : 🔹 Round 1 (45 min) – Coding & SystemVerilog/UVM Foundations Coding questions on SystemVerilog & UVM. Mainly focused on Randomiazation and Constraint. Problem-solving using constraints/randomization General OOPs-based coding questions 🔹Round 2 (45 min) – Theory: SV, UVM, Coverage, Assertions Theoretical questions on UVM and System Verilog Assertions & SVA Question based on Coverage Basic Verification strateges based on some problem statement. Question based on protocols based on your resume 🔹Round 3 (45 min) – Testbench Architecture & Test Planning Creating a Functional Test Plan, Designing test cases, selecting constrained-random vs directed tests, defining coverage points, error-case scenarios, corner cases. Verification Environment Structure : Structuring agents, sequence organization, scoreboard logic, driver/monitor relationships, handling multi-clock domains and resets globalcareerconsultants Practical Debugging & Tools Skills Familiarity with simulators (e.g., VCS, Questa), scripting (Tcl, Python), version control, regression strategy, and coverage reporting workflows Round 4 (45 min) - Googliness round Evaluates how well you align with Google’s values & culture Focus on collaboration, problem-solving approach, communication, and adaptability. Note : The questions can vary depending on the team’s requirements and the sequence of rounds may also vary depending on interviewer's availability. 🖊️ If you need help with commonly asked DV interview questions in Product Based companies, check my earlier post : https://lnkd.in/dA-P22m2 🖊️ For general interview prep tips, see my detailed post : https://lnkd.in/dNyy5stv 🎯 Current Google openings : https://lnkd.in/dMCzA-Ab I hope this helps anyone preparing for DV interviews 🙌 ! Wishing all future candidates the best of luck 🚀 #Google #Semiconductor #VLSI

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