本文详细介绍了C++11中的智能指针shared_ptr，包括其基本概念、如何管理内存、自定义删除器、操作符重载等关键点。shared_ptr遵循引用计数机制，确保在所有关联对象消失后正确释放内存，防止内存泄漏。通过自定义删除器，可以针对特定场景定制内存释放策略，如数组的delete[]操作。此外，还讨论了shared_ptr与其他对象相等比较的操作符。
目录
目录
一、概述
shared_ptr 是C++11提供的一种智能指针类，它足够智能，可以在任何地方都不使用时自动删除相关指针，从而帮助彻底消除内存泄漏和悬空指针的问题。它遵循共享所有权的概念，即不同的 shared_ptr 对象可以与相同的指针相关联，并在内部使用引用计数机制来实现这一点。当新的 shared_ptr 对象与指针关联时，则在其构造函数中，将与此指针关联的引用计数增加1。当任何 shared_ptr 对象超出作用域时，则在其析构函数中，它将关联指针的引用计数减1。如果引用计数变为0，则表示没有其他 shared_ptr 对象与此内存关联，在这种情况下，它释放该内存。
二、关键点解析
1、父类
父类时__shared_ptr
2、operator=
shared_ptr&
operator=(shared_ptr&& __r) noexcept
{
this->__shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(std::move(__r));
return *this;
}调用__shared_ptr的operator=，std::move转__r为右键引用。
3、operator==
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
inline bool
operator==(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __a,
const shared_ptr<_Tp2>& __b) noexcept
{ return __a.get() == __b.get(); }
调用__shared_ptr中的get函数进行比较
4、自定义删除器 Deleter
// Support for custom deleter and/or allocator
template<typename _Ptr, typename _Deleter, typename _Alloc, _Lock_policy _Lp>
class _Sp_counted_deleter final : public _Sp_counted_base<_Lp>
{
class _Impl : _Sp_ebo_helper<0, _Deleter>, _Sp_ebo_helper<1, _Alloc>
{
typedef _Sp_ebo_helper<0, _Deleter> _Del_base;
typedef _Sp_ebo_helper<1, _Alloc> _Alloc_base;
public:
_Impl(_Ptr __p, _Deleter __d, const _Alloc& __a) noexcept
: _M_ptr(__p), _Del_base(__d), _Alloc_base(__a)
{ }
_Deleter& _M_del() noexcept { return _Del_base::_S_get(*this); }
_Alloc& _M_alloc() noexcept { return _Alloc_base::_S_get(*this); }
_Ptr _M_ptr;
};
public:
// __d(__p) must not throw.
_Sp_counted_deleter(_Ptr __p, _Deleter __d) noexcept
: _M_impl(__p, __d, _Alloc()) { }
// __d(__p) must not throw.
_Sp_counted_deleter(_Ptr __p, _Deleter __d, const _Alloc& __a) noexcept
: _M_impl(__p, __d, __a) { }
~_Sp_counted_deleter() noexcept { }
virtual void
_M_dispose() noexcept
{ _M_impl._M_del()(_M_impl._M_ptr); }//进行自定义的删除
virtual void
_M_destroy() noexcept
{
typedef typename allocator_traits<_Alloc>::template
rebind_traits<_Sp_counted_deleter> _Alloc_traits;
typename _Alloc_traits::allocator_type __a(_M_impl._M_alloc());
_Alloc_traits::destroy(__a, this);
_Alloc_traits::deallocate(__a, this, 1);
}
virtual void*
_M_get_deleter(const std::type_info& __ti) noexcept
{
#ifdef __GXX_RTTI
return __ti == typeid(_Deleter) ? &_M_impl._M_del() : nullptr;
#else
return nullptr;
#endif
}
private:
_Impl _M_impl;
};
当 shared_ptr 对象超出范围时，将调用其析构函数。在其析构函数中，它将引用计数减1，如果引用计数的新值为0，则删除关联的原始指针。
析构函数中删除内部原始指针，默认调用的是delete()函数。
delete Pointer;
有些时候在析构函数中，delete函数并不能满足我们的需求，可能还想加其他的处理。
当 shared_ptr 对象指向数组
std::shared_ptr<int> p3(new int[12]);
像这样申请的数组，应该调用delete []释放内存，而shared_ptr析构函数中默认delete并不能满足需求。
给shared_ptr添加自定义删除器
在上面在这种情况下，我们可以将回调函数传递给 shared_ptr 的构造函数，析构时会调用_Sp_counted_deleter 中的_M_dispose函数进行delete。
// 自定义删除器
void deleter(test * x)
{
std::cout << "DELETER FUNCTION CALLED\n";
delete[] x;
}
// 构造函数传递自定义删除器指针
std::shared_ptr<test> p3(new test[12], deleter);5、ptr=NULL
#include <memory>
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
std::shared_ptr<int> ptr(new int(2));
ptr=NULL;
return 0;
} ptr=NULL， 首先调用 constexpr shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p) noexcept : __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__p) { }，然后调用 shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr&& __r) noexcept {this->__shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(std::move(__r));return *this; }。
6、其它
基本都是调用__shared_ptr的的函数进行实现。
三、源码分析
/**
* @brief A smart pointer with reference-counted copy semantics.
*
* The object pointed to is deleted when the last shared_ptr pointing to
* it is destroyed or reset.
*/
template<typename _Tp>
class shared_ptr : public __shared_ptr<_Tp>
{
public:
/**
* @brief Construct an empty %shared_ptr.
* @post use_count()==0 && get()==0
*/
constexpr shared_ptr() noexcept
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>() { }
shared_ptr(const shared_ptr&) noexcept = default;
/**
* @brief Construct a %shared_ptr that owns the pointer @a __p.
* @param __p A pointer that is convertible to element_type*.
* @post use_count() == 1 && get() == __p
* @throw std::bad_alloc, in which case @c delete @a __p is called.
*/
template<typename _Tp1>
explicit shared_ptr(_Tp1* __p)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__p) { }
/**
* @brief Construct a %shared_ptr that owns the pointer @a __p
* and the deleter @a __d.
* @param __p A pointer.
* @param __d A deleter.
* @post use_count() == 1 && get() == __p
* @throw std::bad_alloc, in which case @a __d(__p) is called.
*
* Requirements: _Deleter's copy constructor and destructor must
* not throw
*
* __shared_ptr will release __p by calling __d(__p)
*/
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Deleter>
shared_ptr(_Tp1* __p, _Deleter __d)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__p, __d) { }
/**
* @brief Construct a %shared_ptr that owns a null pointer
* and the deleter @a __d.
* @param __p A null pointer constant.
* @param __d A deleter.
* @post use_count() == 1 && get() == __p
* @throw std::bad_alloc, in which case @a __d(__p) is called.
*
* Requirements: _Deleter's copy constructor and destructor must
* not throw
*
* The last owner will call __d(__p)
*/
template<typename _Deleter>
shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p, _Deleter __d)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__p, __d) { }
/**
* @brief Construct a %shared_ptr that owns the pointer @a __p
* and the deleter @a __d.
* @param __p A pointer.
* @param __d A deleter.
* @param __a An allocator.
* @post use_count() == 1 && get() == __p
* @throw std::bad_alloc, in which case @a __d(__p) is called.
*
* Requirements: _Deleter's copy constructor and destructor must
* not throw _Alloc's copy constructor and destructor must not
* throw.
*
* __shared_ptr will release __p by calling __d(__p)
*/
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Deleter, typename _Alloc>
shared_ptr(_Tp1* __p, _Deleter __d, _Alloc __a)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__p, __d, std::move(__a)) { }
/**
* @brief Construct a %shared_ptr that owns a null pointer
* and the deleter @a __d.
* @param __p A null pointer constant.
* @param __d A deleter.
* @param __a An allocator.
* @post use_count() == 1 && get() == __p
* @throw std::bad_alloc, in which case @a __d(__p) is called.
*
* Requirements: _Deleter's copy constructor and destructor must
* not throw _Alloc's copy constructor and destructor must not
* throw.
*
* The last owner will call __d(__p)
*/
template<typename _Deleter, typename _Alloc>
shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p, _Deleter __d, _Alloc __a)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__p, __d, std::move(__a)) { }
// Aliasing constructor
/**
* @brief Constructs a %shared_ptr instance that stores @a __p
* and shares ownership with @a __r.
* @param __r A %shared_ptr.
* @param __p A pointer that will remain valid while @a *__r is valid.
* @post get() == __p && use_count() == __r.use_count()
*
* This can be used to construct a @c shared_ptr to a sub-object
* of an object managed by an existing @c shared_ptr.
*
* @code
* shared_ptr< pair<int,int> > pii(new pair<int,int>());
* shared_ptr<int> pi(pii, &pii->first);
* assert(pii.use_count() == 2);
* @endcode
*/
template<typename _Tp1>
shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __r, _Tp* __p) noexcept
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, __p) { }
/**
* @brief If @a __r is empty, constructs an empty %shared_ptr;
* otherwise construct a %shared_ptr that shares ownership
* with @a __r.
* @param __r A %shared_ptr.
* @post get() == __r.get() && use_count() == __r.use_count()
*/
template<typename _Tp1, typename = typename
std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<_Tp1*, _Tp*>::value>::type>
shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __r) noexcept
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r) { }
/**
* @brief Move-constructs a %shared_ptr instance from @a __r.
* @param __r A %shared_ptr rvalue.
* @post *this contains the old value of @a __r, @a __r is empty.
*/
shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& __r) noexcept
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(std::move(__r)) { }
/**
* @brief Move-constructs a %shared_ptr instance from @a __r.
* @param __r A %shared_ptr rvalue.
* @post *this contains the old value of @a __r, @a __r is empty.
*/
template<typename _Tp1, typename = typename
std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<_Tp1*, _Tp*>::value>::type>
shared_ptr(shared_ptr<_Tp1>&& __r) noexcept
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(std::move(__r)) { }
/**
* @brief Constructs a %shared_ptr that shares ownership with @a __r
* and stores a copy of the pointer stored in @a __r.
* @param __r A weak_ptr.
* @post use_count() == __r.use_count()
* @throw bad_weak_ptr when __r.expired(),
* in which case the constructor has no effect.
*/
template<typename _Tp1>
explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<_Tp1>& __r)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r) { }
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_DEPRECATED
template<typename _Tp1>
shared_ptr(std::auto_ptr<_Tp1>&& __r);
#endif
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Del>
shared_ptr(std::unique_ptr<_Tp1, _Del>&& __r)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(std::move(__r)) { }
/**
* @brief Construct an empty %shared_ptr.
* @param __p A null pointer constant.
* @post use_count() == 0 && get() == nullptr
*/
constexpr shared_ptr(nullptr_t __p) noexcept
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__p) { }
shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr&) noexcept = default;
template<typename _Tp1>
shared_ptr&
operator=(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __r) noexcept
{
this->__shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(__r);
return *this;
}
#if _GLIBCXX_USE_DEPRECATED
template<typename _Tp1>
shared_ptr&
operator=(std::auto_ptr<_Tp1>&& __r)
{
this->__shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(std::move(__r));
return *this;
}
#endif
shared_ptr&
operator=(shared_ptr&& __r) noexcept
{
this->__shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(std::move(__r));
return *this;
}
template<class _Tp1>
shared_ptr&
operator=(shared_ptr<_Tp1>&& __r) noexcept
{
this->__shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(std::move(__r));
return *this;
}
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Del>
shared_ptr&
operator=(std::unique_ptr<_Tp1, _Del>&& __r)
{
this->__shared_ptr<_Tp>::operator=(std::move(__r));
return *this;
}
private:
// This constructor is non-standard, it is used by allocate_shared.
template<typename _Alloc, typename... _Args>
shared_ptr(_Sp_make_shared_tag __tag, const _Alloc& __a,
_Args&&... __args)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__tag, __a, std::forward<_Args>(__args)...)
{ }
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Alloc, typename... _Args>
friend shared_ptr<_Tp1>
allocate_shared(const _Alloc& __a, _Args&&... __args);
// This constructor is non-standard, it is used by weak_ptr::lock().
shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<_Tp>& __r, std::nothrow_t)
: __shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, std::nothrow) { }
friend class weak_ptr<_Tp>;
};
// 20.7.2.2.7 shared_ptr comparisons
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
inline bool
operator==(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __a,
const shared_ptr<_Tp2>& __b) noexcept
{ return __a.get() == __b.get(); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator==(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a, nullptr_t) noexcept
{ return !__a; }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator==(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a) noexcept
{ return !__a; }
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
inline bool
operator!=(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __a,
const shared_ptr<_Tp2>& __b) noexcept
{ return __a.get() != __b.get(); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator!=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a, nullptr_t) noexcept
{ return (bool)__a; }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator!=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a) noexcept
{ return (bool)__a; }
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
inline bool
operator<(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __a,
const shared_ptr<_Tp2>& __b) noexcept
{
typedef typename std::common_type<_Tp1*, _Tp2*>::type _CT;
return std::less<_CT>()(__a.get(), __b.get());
}
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator<(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a, nullptr_t) noexcept
{ return std::less<_Tp*>()(__a.get(), nullptr); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator<(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a) noexcept
{ return std::less<_Tp*>()(nullptr, __a.get()); }
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
inline bool
operator<=(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __a,
const shared_ptr<_Tp2>& __b) noexcept
{ return !(__b < __a); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator<=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a, nullptr_t) noexcept
{ return !(nullptr < __a); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator<=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a) noexcept
{ return !(__a < nullptr); }
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
inline bool
operator>(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __a,
const shared_ptr<_Tp2>& __b) noexcept
{ return (__b < __a); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator>(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a, nullptr_t) noexcept
{ return std::less<_Tp*>()(nullptr, __a.get()); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator>(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a) noexcept
{ return std::less<_Tp*>()(__a.get(), nullptr); }
template<typename _Tp1, typename _Tp2>
inline bool
operator>=(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __a,
const shared_ptr<_Tp2>& __b) noexcept
{ return !(__a < __b); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator>=(const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a, nullptr_t) noexcept
{ return !(__a < nullptr); }
template<typename _Tp>
inline bool
operator>=(nullptr_t, const shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a) noexcept
{ return !(nullptr < __a); }
template<typename _Tp>
struct less<shared_ptr<_Tp>> : public _Sp_less<shared_ptr<_Tp>>
{ };
// 20.7.2.2.8 shared_ptr specialized algorithms.
template<typename _Tp>
inline void
swap(shared_ptr<_Tp>& __a, shared_ptr<_Tp>& __b) noexcept
{ __a.swap(__b); }
// 20.7.2.2.9 shared_ptr casts.
template<typename _Tp, typename _Tp1>
inline shared_ptr<_Tp>
static_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __r) noexcept
{ return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, static_cast<_Tp*>(__r.get())); }
template<typename _Tp, typename _Tp1>
inline shared_ptr<_Tp>
const_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __r) noexcept
{ return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, const_cast<_Tp*>(__r.get())); }
template<typename _Tp, typename _Tp1>
inline shared_ptr<_Tp>
dynamic_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<_Tp1>& __r) noexcept
{
if (_Tp* __p = dynamic_cast<_Tp*>(__r.get()))
return shared_ptr<_Tp>(__r, __p);
return shared_ptr<_Tp>();
}
四、总结
到此，shared_ptr相关类的解析基本完毕了。
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