C#文件操作详解-CSDN博客

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c#中与文件、文件夹及文件读写有关的类位于System.IO命名空间下

一、文件操作基础

1 File类和FileInfo类介绍

File类中的方法是静态方法

(1)File实例

    if (textBox1.Text == string.Empty)
    {
        MessageBox.Show("文件名不能为空！");
    }
    else
    {
           if (File.Exists(textBox1.Text)) //File.Exists判断文件是否存在
           {
                MessageBox.Show("该文件已经存在！");
           }
           else
           {
                File.Create(textBox1.Text); //File.Create创建文件
           }
    }

            //通过File.Create()得 到FileStream对象
            using(FileStream fs=File.Create(@"c:\test.dat"))
            {}
            //通过File.Open()得到 FileStream对象
            using(FileStream f2=File.Open(@"c:\test.dat",FileMode.OpenOrCreate,FileAccess.ReadWrite,FileShare.None))
            {}
            //得到一个只读权限的的 FileStream对象
            using(FileStream readOnlyStream=File.OpenRead(@"c:\test.dat"))
            {}
            //得到一个只写权限的的 FileStream对象
            using(FileStream writeOnlyStream=File.OpenWrite(@"c:\test.dat"))
            {}
            //得到 StreamReader对象
            using(StreamReader sreader=File.OpenText(@"c:\test.dat"))
            {}
            //得到 StreamWriter对象
            using(StreamWriter sreader=File.CreateText(@"c:\test.dat"))
            {}
            using(StreamWriter sreader=File.AppendText(@"c:\test.dat"))
            {}

File 类型的其他方法简化读写文本数据的过程。

            string[] myTasks={"AAA","BBB","CCC"};
            //向c盘文件写入数据
            File.WriteAllLines(@"c:\task.txt",myTasks);
            //重新读取数据，然后输出
            foreach(string task in File.ReadAllLines(@"c:\task.txt"))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("TODO:{0}",task);
            }
            Console.ReadLine();

File.WriteAllLines 写入字符串数组，如果文件不存在，则创建文件

（2）FileInfo实例

     if (textBox1.Text == string.Empty)
    {
        MessageBox.Show("文件名不能为空！");
    }
    else
    {
        FileInfo finfo = new FileInfo(textBox1.Text);
        if (finfo.Exists) //File.Exists判断文件是否存在
        {
            MessageBox.Show("该文件已经存在！");
        }
        else
        {
            FileStream fs=finfo.Create(); //File.Create创建文件

fs.Close();

}
}

FileInfo.Create() 方法：创建文件

            FileInfo f = new FileInfo(@"c:\test.dat");
            //创建文件，返回FileStream对象，FileStream能对基层文件进行同步/异步 读/写操作
            FileStream fs= f.Create();
            //关闭句柄来释放流的底层非托管资源
            fs.Close();

            FileInfo f = new FileInfo(@"c:\test.dat");
            using (FileStream fs = f.Create())
            { 
            
            }

FileInfo.Open() 方法：打开现有文件、同时使用它也能创建文件

            FileInfo f2 = new FileInfo(@"c:\Test2.dat");
            using(FileStream fs2=f2.Open(FileMode.OpenOrCreate,FileAccess.ReadWrite,FileShare.None))
            {
            
            }

FileInfo.OpenRead() 得到只读FileStream对象

FileInfo.OpenWrite() 得到只写FileStream对象

            FileInfo f3 = new FileInfo(@"c:\Test3.dat");
            //得到只读FileStream对象
            using(FileStream readOnlyStream=f3.OpenRead())
            {
            
            }

            FileInfo f4 = new FileInfo(@"c;\Test4.dat");
            //得到只写FileStream对象
            using(FileStream writeOnlyStream=f4.OpenWrite())
            {
            
            }

FileInfo.OpenText() 返回StreamReader对象

            FileInfo f5 = new FileInfo(@"c:\boot.ini");
            //得到StreamReader 读文件流
            using(StreamReader sreader=f5.OpenText())
            {
            
            }

FileInfo.CreateText() 得到StreamWriter对象

FileInfo.AppendText() 得到StreamWriter对象

            FileInfo f6 = new FileInfo(@"c:\test6.txt");
            using(StreamWriter swriter=f6.CreateText())
            {//FileInfo.CreateText() 得到StreamWriter对象}

            using (StreamWriter swriter2 = f6.AppendText())
            {//FileInfo.AppendText() 得到StreamWriter对象}

2 Directory类和DirectoryInfo类介绍

        private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            if (textBox1.Text == string.Empty)
            {
                MessageBox.Show("文件夹名称不能为空！");
            }
            else
            {
                DirectoryInfo dinfo = new DirectoryInfo(textBox1.Text);
                if (dinfo.Exists)
                {
                    MessageBox.Show("该文件夹已经存在！");
                }
                else
                {
                    dinfo.Create();
                }
            }
        }

DirectoryInfo 获得目录信息

            DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(@"c:\testing");
            Console.WriteLine("*******目录信息********");
            Console.WriteLine("全名称:{0}",dir.FullName);
            Console.WriteLine("名称:{0}", dir.Name);
            Console.WriteLine("父目录:{0}", dir.Parent);
            Console.WriteLine("创建时间:{0}", dir.CreationTime);
            Console.WriteLine("目录特性：{0}",dir.Attributes);
            Console.WriteLine("路径根：{0}",dir.Root);
            Console.WriteLine("*******************\n");

DirectoryInfo 获取文件夹下的xml文件

            string path = Environment.CurrentDirectory;
            DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(string.Format(@"{0}\ProductsXML", path));
            FileInfo[] xmlFile = dir.GetFiles("*.xml",SearchOption.AllDirectories);
            Console.WriteLine("发现{0} *.xml 文件\n",xmlFile.Length);
            foreach(FileInfo f in xmlFile)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("*******************");
                Console.WriteLine("文件名称：{0}",f.Name);
                Console.WriteLine("文件大小：{0}",f.Length);
                Console.WriteLine("创建时间：{0}",f.CreationTime);
                Console.WriteLine("文件特性：{0}",f.Attributes);
                Console.WriteLine("*******************\n");
            }

DirectoryInfo 创建子目录

            DirectoryInfo dir = new DirectoryInfo(@"c:\");
            dir.CreateSubdirectory("MyFolder");
            DirectoryInfo myDataFolder= dir.CreateSubdirectory(@"MyFolder2\Data");
            Console.WriteLine("新目录是：{0}",myDataFolder);

Directory 电脑驱动器、删除目录

            //电脑所有驱动器
            string[] drives = Directory.GetLogicalDrives();
            Console.WriteLine("电脑驱动器：");
            foreach (string s in drives)
                Console.WriteLine("--> {0}",s);

            Console.WriteLine("删除目录");
            Console.ReadLine();
            try
            {
                Directory.Delete(@"c:\MyFolder");
                Directory.Delete(@"c:\MyFolder2",true);
            }
            catch(IOException e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
            }

DriveInfo 获取电脑驱动器

            Console.WriteLine("*******盘符信息********");
            DriveInfo[] myDrives = DriveInfo.GetDrives();
            foreach(DriveInfo d in myDrives)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("名称：{0}",d.Name);
                Console.WriteLine("类型：{0}",d.DriveType);
                //驱动器是否已准备好
                if (d.IsReady)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("可以空间:{0}",d.TotalFreeSpace);
                    Console.WriteLine("盘符格式:{0}",d.DriveFormat);
                    Console.WriteLine("盘符卷标：{0}",d.VolumeLabel);
                    Console.WriteLine();
                }
            }

二、文件基本操作

1 判断文件是否存在

2 创建文件
3 复制文件

File.Copy("c://test.txt","d://test.txt");

FileInfo finfo = new FileInfo("c://test.txt");
finfo.CopyTo("d://test.txt", true);
4 移动文件

File.Move("c://test.txt","d://test.txt");
5 删除文件

File.Delete("c://test.txt");
6 获取文件基本信息

            if (openFileDialog1.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
            {
                textBox1.Text = openFileDialog1.FileName;
                FileInfo finfo = new FileInfo(textBox1.Text);         //实例化FileInfo对象
                string strCTime, strLATime, strLWTime, strName, strFName, strDName, strISRead;
                long lgLength;
                strCTime = finfo.CreationTime.ToShortDateString();    //获取文件创建时间
                strLATime = finfo.LastAccessTime.ToShortDateString(); //获取上次访问该文件的时间
                strLWTime = finfo.LastWriteTime.ToShortDateString(); //获取上次写入文件的时间
                strName = finfo.Name;                                 //获取文件名称
                strFName = finfo.FullName;                            //获取文件的完整目录
                strDName = finfo.DirectoryName;                       //获取文件的完整路径
                strISRead = finfo.IsReadOnly.ToString();              //获取文件是否只读
                lgLength = finfo.Length;                              //获取文件长度
                MessageBox.Show("文件信息：/n创建时间：" + strCTime + " 上次访问时间：" + strLATime + "/n上次写入时间：" + strLWTime + " 文件名称：" + strName + "/n完整目录：" + strFName + "/n完整路径：" + strDName + "/n是否只读：" + strISRead + " 文件长度：" + lgLength);
            }

三、文件夹基本操作

1 判断文件夹是否存在

2 创建文件夹
3 移动文件夹
4 删除文件夹
5 遍历文件夹

四、 I/O（输入/输出）

1 流概述

流代表在源文件和目标文件之间传输一定量的数据。

2 文件I/O流介绍

3 使用I/O流操作文本文件

(1)、FileStream对象读取或写入一个字节或字节组。

FileStream类型缺点：需要操作原始字节。Encoding.Default.GetBytes 字符串转成字节数组

            //获取一个FileStream对象
            using (FileStream fstream = File.Open(@"c:\myMessage.dat", FileMode.Create))
            {
                //字符串编码成字节数组
                string msg = "Hello!";
                byte[] msgAsByteArray = Encoding.Default.GetBytes(msg);
                //把byte[]写入文件
                fstream.Write(msgAsByteArray, 0, msgAsByteArray.Length);
                //重置流内部位置
                fstream.Position = 0;

                //从文件读取字节并显示在控制台
                byte[] bytesFromFile = new byte[msgAsByteArray.Length];
                for (int i = 0; i < msgAsByteArray.Length; i++)
                {
                    bytesFromFile[i] = (byte)fstream.ReadByte();
                    Console.WriteLine(bytesFromFile[i]);
                }

                //显示解码后的字符串
                Console.WriteLine(Encoding.Default.GetString(bytesFromFile));
            }

（2）、StreamReader 和StreamWriter 读写基于字符（字符串）的数据。默认使用Unicode字符。
System.Text.Encoding对象可以改变默认的Unicode编码

            using(StreamWriter writer=File.CreateText("reminders.txt"))
            {
                writer.WriteLine("AAAAA");
                for (int i = 0; i < 10;i++ )
                {
                    writer.Write(i+" ");
                }
                //插入新行
                writer.Write(writer.NewLine);
            }


            using (StreamReader sr = File.OpenText("reminders.txt"))
            {
                string input = null;
                while ((input=sr.ReadLine())!=null)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(input);
                }
            }
            Console.ReadLine();

直接创建 StreamWriter/StreamReader类型

            using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter("reminders.txt"))
            {
            }
            using (StreamReader writer = new StreamReader("reminders.txt"))
            {
            }

（3）、创建 StringWriter ，并把字符串数据写入内存

            //创建 StringWriter ，并把字符串数据写入内存
            using(StringWriter strWriter=new StringWriter())
            {
                strWriter.WriteLine("AAA");
                //获取内容副本（存储在字符串中）并向控制台输出
                Console.WriteLine("内容字符串输出：{0}",strWriter);

                using (StringReader strReader = new StringReader(strWriter.ToString()))
                {
                    string input = null;
                    while ((input = strReader.ReadLine())!=null)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine(input);
                    }
                }
            }
            Console.ReadLine();

4 使用I/O流操作二进制文件

BinaryReader读取器,BinaryWriter编写器，
从基层流中以简洁的二进制格式读取或写入离散数据类型.

            //为文件打开一个二进制编写器
            FileInfo f = new FileInfo("BinFile.dat");
            using(BinaryWriter bw=new BinaryWriter(f.OpenWrite()))
            {
                //输出BaseStream的类型(这里是System.Io.FileStream)
                Console.WriteLine("基础流是:{0}",bw.BaseStream);

                //文件中存储一些数据
                double aDouble = 1234.67;
                int anInt = 34567;
                string aString = "A,B,C";

                //写数据
                bw.Write(aDouble);
                bw.Write(anInt);
                bw.Write(aString);
            }

            using(BinaryReader br=new BinaryReader(f.OpenRead()))
            {
                Console.WriteLine(br.ReadDouble());
                Console.WriteLine(br.ReadInt32());
                Console.WriteLine(br.ReadString());
            }
            Console.ReadLine();

效果：

BinFile.dat

五、实战

1 文件批量重命名的实现
2 制作一个分割与合并文件工具

六、监控文件行为 FileSystemWatcher（监测文件什么时候创建，编辑，删除信息）

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.IO;

namespace MyDirectoryWatcher
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("***** The Amazing File Watcher App *****\n");

            // Establish the path to the directory to watch.
            FileSystemWatcher watcher = new FileSystemWatcher();
            try
            {
                watcher.Path = @"C:\MyFolder";
            }
            catch (ArgumentException ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
                return;
            }

            // Set up the things to be on the lookout for.
            watcher.NotifyFilter = NotifyFilters.LastAccess
              | NotifyFilters.LastWrite
              | NotifyFilters.FileName
              | NotifyFilters.DirectoryName;

            // Only watch text files.
            watcher.Filter = "*.txt";

            // Add event handlers.
            watcher.Changed += new FileSystemEventHandler(OnChanged);
            watcher.Created += new FileSystemEventHandler(OnChanged);
            watcher.Deleted += new FileSystemEventHandler(OnChanged);
            watcher.Renamed += new RenamedEventHandler(OnRenamed);

            // Begin watching the directory.
            watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = true;

            // Wait for the user to quit the program.
            Console.WriteLine(@"Press 'q' to quit app.");
            while (Console.Read() != 'q') ;
        }

        static void OnChanged(object source, FileSystemEventArgs e)
        {
            // Specify what is done when a file is changed, created, or deleted.
            Console.WriteLine("File: {0} {1}!", e.FullPath, e.ChangeType);
        }

        static void OnRenamed(object source, RenamedEventArgs e)
        {
            // Specify what is done when a file is renamed.
            Console.WriteLine("File: {0} renamed to\n{1}", e.OldFullPath, e.FullPath);
        }

    }
}